Where was Mount Sinai? - 236 LexiLine Journal

DATING OF MOSES AND EXODUS - A CONFIRMATION - OF A SORT

A mainstream archaeologist - who I presume otherwise wishes to
remain anonymous - sent me the following link by private e-mail and
I am passing it on to you.

http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Anati_Mount_Sinai.htm

The short, single AND significant comment of this archaeologist to
the content of the article at the above link was as follows:

"Confirmation … of a sort:"

The archeaologist is referring to confirmation of my work showing
that mainstream chronology relating to Moses and Exodus is clearly
false - see http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi300.htm.

The link above refers to "the confirmation ... of a sort" through
the very important work of Professor Emmanuel Anati (see
http://www.harkarkom.com/Anati.phtml - this page gives his biography
in english), who writes in October 2003 that the Mount Sinai
archaeological EVIDENCE clearly invalidates the current dating of
Moses and Exodus, and that all available evidence points to a much
earlier date.

Professor Anati would even date Moses and Exodus back a full
thousand years, but I think that my chronology as posted for quite
some time now at http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi760.htm will
ultimately prevail, with the reconcilable difference in our dates
having to do with the dating of the end of the Early Bronze Age.

The accurate correction of the date of Exodus, as I have long
alleged, will ultimately put the birth of Moses ca. 1708 BC, with
all of the consequences that this has for our understanding of the
subsequent chronology of the history of human civilization, for the
history of Egypt, for the history of the Jews, and for the history
of religion generally.

DAVID ROHL - A TEST OF TIME - SYNOPSIS BY JOHN FULTON - ARTAPANUS
and JOSEPHUS

Let us go back a few steps to what I have been writing for years. To
fully understand what Artapanus and also Josephus wrote about Moses,
it is useful to read e.g.
"A New Chronology: Synopsis of David Rohl's book 'A Test of Time' ",
by John Fulton, at http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/rohl-1.htm
(please note for the text reproduced below that the Egyptologists
currently date the 13th Pharaonic dynasty to ca. 1782-1650 BC -
according to Peter A. Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs).

Here is what Fulton writes:

[start of quote]
"The early Christian historian Eusebius in his work Evangelicae
Preparationis' quotes from a book Peri Ioudaion' (Concerning the
Jews) by the Jewish historian Artapanus. This work of Artapanus has
not survived down to the present but is also quoted in Clement's
Stromata'. Artapanus, writing in the 3rd century BC, had access to
ancient records in Egyptian temples and perhaps even the famous
Alexandrian library of Ptolemy I.

Artapanus writes that a pharaoh named Palmanothes was persecuting
the Israelites. His daughter Merris adopted a Hebrew child who grew
up to be called prince Mousos. Merris married a pharaoh Khenephres.
Prince Mousos grew up to administer the land on behalf of this
pharaoh. He led a military campaign against the Ethiopians who were
invading Egypt; however, upon his return, Khenephres grew jealous of
his popularity. Mousos then fled to Arabia to return when Khenephres
died and lead the Israelites to freedom. It may be only a Mosaic
story with similarities to the biblical account, yet the only
pharaoh with the name Khenephres was Sobekhotep IV, who took the
name Khaneferre at his coronation. He reigned soon after Neferhotep
I of the 13th Dynasty, as mentioned above, the pharaoh in power at
Moses' birth!

Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews', with access to very old
manuscripts and writing in AD 93, also mentioned Moses' Ethiopian or
Kushite war. Here, Moses led an Egyptian army down the Nile valley,
past the Third Cataract, deep into Kush (modern Ethiopia). In the
British Museum is a stela (page 261, fig. 289) which tells of a 13th
Dynasty pharaoh undertaking a campaign south into the region of
Kush. That pharaoh is none other than Khaneferre, the step-father of
Moses according to Artapanus. He is the only 13th Dynasty pharaoh
who is recorded as having campaigned into Upper Nubia or Ethiopia.
At Kerma on the Nile an official Egyptian building was found,
outside of which was discovered a statue of Khaneferre, so dating
this building to the 13th Dynasty. This is many hundreds of
kilometres south of the known boundaries of 13th Dynasty Egypt and
may have been a governor's residence'. It would have been built to
secure Egyptian interests in the area after the military victory of
the Egyptians led by Moses, as this was the only Kushite war at that
time with Egypt. As Moses was a prince of Egypt and was 40 years old
according to the Bible when he fled to Arabia, he could certainly
have led this military operation - an Israelite leading an Egyptian
army to war! If this part of Josephus' account is true then it adds
weight to the rest of his account of the life of Moses and also
gives us some firmer evidence of the existence of this charismatic
leader!"
[end of quote]

WHERE WAS the MOUNT SINAI of MOSES? - PROFESSOR EMMANUEL ANATI

Professor Emmanuel Anati has written a book, just recently
published, entitled, The Riddle of Mount Sinai, which can be ordered
at http://www.harkarkom.com/Order.phtml, where Anati writes that
Har Karkom was the "Mount Sinai" of Moses (see
http://www.harkarkom.com).

As Anati writes - as found at:
http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Anati_Mount_Sinai.htm:

[start of quote]
"Considering these various factors together, it seems that the
biblical narratives reflect what archaeological research has
discovered at Har Karkom, Beer Karkom and Kadesh-Barnea, as well as
at Jericho, Ai, Arad, Edom and Moab, and elsewhere. If the epic
described in the books of Exodus and Numbers relies on even a
minimal historical matrix, and if indeed there was an Exodus with
stops at the foot of Mount Sinai and at Kadesh-Barnea, then its
chronological context can only refer to the BAC period during which
Har Karkom was a holy mountain of exceptional importance. The
documentation gathered through archaeological research at Jericho
and Ai, the comparisons with Egyptian literature, and the actual
finds at Har Karkom, all seem to imply that the biblical narratives
have some historical background referring to the era of Exodus. Thus
the age of Joshua beginning at Gilgal, marked the twilight of the
Early Bronze Age. This is when the epoch of Moses ends, an epoch
which both culturally and historically belongs to the Early Bronze
Age, about one millennium before the dates given to such episodes by
what had been so far the conventional chronology."
[end of quote]

Professor Anati's new book, again, is The Riddle of Mount Sinai,
which can be ordered at http://www.harkarkom.com/Order.phtml.

Are we correcting ancient history at LexiLine? We are.

Stonehenge Stone 3 Axes - Stars by Leo - 235 LexiLine Journal

This posting continues the further decipherment of the Stonehenge
stones with carved axes upon them. See the previous posts for Nr. 53
and Nr. 4.

I have now uploaded

stonehengestone3.gif

to our Ancient Britain folder in our LexiLine files at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Ancient%20Britain/

THE AXES ON SARSEN 3 - Stars between Leo Major and the Big Dipper

The 3 axes on Sarsen 3 mark the stars:

1. kappa and iota in Ursa Major - nearly one large bright star since
they are so close
2. theta in Ursa Major
3. psi in Ursa Major

These are the largest stars just below the familiar stars of the Big
Dipper in Ursa Major, which also belong to Ursa Major, and which are
included in the form of the Great Bear but not the Big Dipper.

Other figures on Stone 3 mark Leo Minor, Lynx, Cameolopardalis and
Ursa Minor.
For a photo of Stone 3 go to
http://www.stonehengelaserscan.org/stone3/stone3.html

Stonehenge Stone 4 Axes - stars of Leo - 234 LexiLine Journal

This posting continues the further decipherment of the Stonehenge
stones with carved axes upon them. See the previous post for Nr. 53.

I have uploaded

stonehengestone4.gif

to our Ancient Britain folder in our LexiLine files at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Ancient%20Britain/

THE AXES ON SARSEN 4 - Leo Minor and Leo Major

Long before "laser technology"
(see http://www.stonehengelaserscan.org/stone4/stone4.html)
found axes on Sarsen 4, I identified them using computer graphic
programs, and indeed for Sarsen 4 I have these axes identified as
Leo Minor on page 122 of Stars, Stones and Scholars.

If you look at our Ancient Britain Files here on LexiLine at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Ancient%20Britain/
I uploaded my decipherment of the axes on Sarsen 4 at Stonehenge on
July 31, 2002, identifying them as Leo Minor.

Here we see from my decipherment of all the now known axes on Stone
4 as uploaded at stonehengestone4.gif that one star of Leo Minor is
marked by the axes and that the remainder mark the major stars of
Leo Major.

A further posting on Stone 3 at Stonehenge is forthcoming.

Stonehenge Stone 53 Axes & Dagger represent Scorpio - 233 LexiLine Journal

A lot of absolute nonsense is being written by archaeologists and
the press about the meaning of the axes carved on Sarsen 3, Sarsen 4
and Trilithon 53 at Stonehenge.

Here is what these axes - and one dagger, on Stone 53 - mean:

THE AXES - and one dagger - ON TRILITHON 53
see http://www.stonehengelaserscan.org/

As already shown on page 125 of my book, Stars, Stones and Scholars,
see http://www.starsstonesscholars.com
Trilithons 53 and 54 represent the back and front stars of Scorpio.

I have uploaded the file

stonehengestone53.gif

to our Ancient Britain files on LexiLine
showing the decipherment of these axes as the stars at the back of
Scorpio - and one dagger, which represents what we today know as
the "sting" of Scorpio. Each axe represents a star and the size of
the axes have been carved to represent the relative magnitudes of
these stars, which include also M6 (the Butterfly Cluster, also
called NGC 6405) and M7 (Ptolemy's Cluster, also known as NGC 6475),
both of which are mentioned in the Almagest and Ulug Beg as "that
which follows the Sting".

The dagger - clearly so drawn on the stone - is not an axe, but
represents the "sting" of Scorpio as seen in ancient days as
something other than a scorpion. Indeed, according to Richard
Hinckley Allen's Star Names, the ancients saw Scorpio as the slayer
of the Giant and the Polynesians saw here a big fish-hook.
Obviously, the men of Stonehenge saw it as a dagger.

A further e-mail is forthcoming on Sarsens 3 and 4.

Axum Obelisk (Aksum Obelisk) Ethiopia - 232 LexiLine Journal

As you can read at the following websites,
Italy has begun to dismantle the Aksum Obelisk
which is to be returned to Ethiopia.

http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-
woethi173533962nov10,0,5577594.story?coll=ny-worldnews-print
(copy and paste both lines of the above URL link, since it will not
wrap fully in blue, and the link will otherwise not work in Yahoo)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3252283.stm
http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20030526/obelisk.html

I have previously argued for the return of the Aksum Obelisk to
Africa, and as I have noted before and as is found written in my book
Stars Stones and Scholars,

see http://www.starsstonesscholars.com
or http://www.trafford.com/4dcgi/robots/03-1722.html

the Aksum Obelisk (also written Axum Obelisk)
- according to my pioneer research on this subject -
is a relatively "modern" stone marker
that marks a major location in Africa
which in ancient megalithic days
was a megalith cornerstone
of the Neolithic geodetic survey
of Africa and the world.

Rec del Bosc Languedoc France Planisphere - 231 LexiLine Journal

To the LexiLine files under "France" at

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/

I have added the file

recdelbosc.gif

showing the rock drawing site known as
"Le Grand Ensemble du Rec del Bosc" in
Languedoc, France to be a Planisphere which I date to ca. 1000 BC.

This graphic was sent to me by Enrico Calzolari, a member of this
list. Thank you, Enrico.

Recall from my previous postings and as explained in my new book,
Stars Stones and Scholars (see also http://www.trafford.com), Languedoc
marked Canis Major and surrounding stars in the ancient survey of
France. This decipherment is substantiated at Rec del Bosc, which is
located in France between St. Gervais-sur-Mare and La Salveta-sur-
Agout near the lake Lac du Laouzas. LAOUZAS in French is similar to
Latvian LUZAS meaning "break", e.g. in the year, or season. The lake
would seem to be named for this astronomical event.

Rec del Bosc has an almost compass-like figure which marks the
cardinal astronomical directions, marking the solstices and
equinoxes, with the solstice line running from Alphard through the
North Ecliptic Pole (center of heaven). The dots to the left would
seem to mark Perseus, those dots toward the middle Ursa Minor and
those dots toward the top Ursa Major.

The two figures mark Gemini and above that Canis Major - this cross-
type of figure for Canis Major in previously ancient times was often
shown as a man holding two dogs or lions, one in each extended hand.

To the right of Gemini we have the familiar "bar" often drawn in
ancient astronomy running from Alphard to Regulus and held by the
stick figure in the picture.

My dating of this drawing to ca. 1000 BC is based on Milton D.
Heifetz's Historical Planisphere, which explains to us why a special
relationship between Regulus and Alphard existed at this time.
Regulus is on the ecliptic and Alphard is on the Celestial Equator
in this era, about 24 degrees apart (24 x 15 = 360 degrees).

What this means is that around 1000 BC, according to Heifetz,
Alphard is directly below the Summer Solstice point (on the
ecliptic) right on the Celestial Equator, i.e. its HIGHEST point
ever with respect to that celestial equator, which shifts its
position in the course of 25920 years. Either side of ca. 1000 BC,
Alphard is ABOVE the celestial equator and no longer marks the
Summer Solstice point when that is marked on the Ecliptic.

Note that these positions of the stars on the ecliptic and the
celestial equator do not change dependent on the latitude of the
observer. They are the same everywhere on earth for a given era.

Here we have a clue to the way the ancients marked the solstices in
the sky of stars in ancient days, i.e. they were clearly aware of
the sky "rising and falling" due to the wobble of the earth (they
did not know this was the cause) with the comparable changes in the
movement of the solstices and equinoxes which we call precession.
Hence, the ancients marked the stars on the ecliptic and the
celestial equator at the solstices and equinoxes in a particular era
and thus had a very good elementary hold on precession in their day.
This is probably at the root of the ancient Nordic belief that "the
sky was falling".

Rameses I Back in Egypt? - 230 LexiLine Journal

RB Paschal has sent me the following link

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/25/national/25MUMM.html?

which should take you to an October 25, 2003 article in the New York
Times entitled,
"A Journey Back to Egypt for a Mummy Thought to Be a Pharaoh"
by ARIEL HART

Take a look at the article. Very interesting, with quotes from Zahi
Hawass, who is trying to get what are basically stolen artifacts in
foreign museums back to Egypt, a movement which I definitely support.

We should always give other cultures and nations and their
antiquities the same respect we expect to be given to us and to our
own heritage. We would not want our OWN artifacts to be taken to
other nations either.