The blog Cognitive Daily has a June 7, 2007 posting titled Human GPS: Some of us are better equipped than others, pointing out on the basis of tests in cognitive psychology that "navigation using both external visual information and mental mapping is the standard for most people."
What the psychologists have discovered conforms to our arguments concerning the hermetic mapping system of the ancients in adapting the "mental map" of the stars above to the external visual megalithic information which they correspondingly placed below.
Tuesday, June 12, 2007
Sunday, June 10, 2007
LARYNGEAL THEORY (Where aspirated letter haitch (heɪtʃ) = Sem - LexiLine Journal 459
Ishinan wrote:
The eighteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet called _`ayn_ belongs to a class of consonants called Voiced Pharyngeal Fricative (termed in Arabic "majhuwrah" or vocal i.e. pronounced equally with the voice, and the breath). By contrast, the corresponding sixteenth Hebrew letter `ayn ( pronounced ah-yeen) is silent.
In that respect it is said that the Hebrew `ayn sees but does not speak. The Arabic `ayn is produced by stopping the airflow in the back of the mouth combined with a pharyngeal sound. It is a little like the sound "aaah" produced by pulling the back of the tongue back into the throat a bit.
Hence, I propose that the English aspirated letter haitch (heɪtʃ), which is treated as a phantom consonant, may have stood for the Semitic letter `ayn. A simple example can be found in the case of the term `briy (initial `ayn in both Hebrew and Arabic) for Hebrew (initial heɪtʃ in English).
Another case is the Arabic _h2nd_ which has been discussed in my earlier posts. Among its' many meanings, the following for hand stands out ( see the various Arabic and English definitions below). Among Afro Asian languages, the _h2nd_ term is unique to Classical Arabic .
In the above example, a comparaison between Classical Arabic and Germanic included Old English, where the primary sense of Hand is described in both as: Side, power and possession. A perfect match with a minor difference, in that the Old English term hand is treated as a noun, while the Arabic term `nd is a verb (conjugated as `andiy, `andak, `anduh etc. , translated as: have in my hand, have in your hand, has in his hand etc.)
For those of you who might be skeptical regarding these correspondents, I offer the additional example below where the English aspirated letter haitch [heɪtʃ] stood for Arabic `ayn.
Ishinan
______________
(this posting was posted later than the previous posting, but written earlier than that)
______________
(this posting was posted later than the previous posting, but written earlier than that)
LARYNGEAL THEORY ( the case of h2nd) - LexiLine Journal 458
Ishinan wrote:
Thank you for drawing attention to Middle Egyptian "khnt" which has two meanings: a) in front of, and b) act of rebellion (same in Arabic)
Thank you for drawing attention to Middle Egyptian "khnt" which has two meanings: a) in front of, and b) act of rebellion (same in Arabic)
In my opinion, if we take into account your example of Middle Egyptian "khnt" and compare it to the various Indo-European terms ("in front of // Latin: ante (before) // Greek: anti (against, in front of) //Armenien: and (in front of) // Lithuanian: ant (in front of) // Hittite: hanti (infront of)"} then, one can easily see how, in this instance, Proto-Indo-European (PIE) reconstruction is on shaky ground.
In addition, the following comparison between Indo-European (Latin, Greek & Hittite) and Afro Asian languages (Middle Egyptian & Classical Arabic) which exhibits the same cognate term shows how PIE, which tends to omit non-Indo-European cognate terms, can be at best incomplete.
Ishinan
FYI : The initial guttural letter `ayn in the above Arabic term h2nd, represents the eighteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet. In Arabic, `Ayn is one of the letters termed "majhuwrah" or vocal i.e. pronounced equally with the voice, and the breath (Pharyngeal Fricative) . It is one of the hardest sound for non-Arabic westerner speakers to hear in Arabic because, though a consonant in Arabic, it sounds most like the English a. It is like the softest or medium h , only humming (vocalized). It is a little like the sound a doctor asks to hear when looking down your throat. While saying "aaah" pull the back of your tongue back into your throat a bit." By contrast the corresponding sixteenth Hebrew letter `ayn (pronounced ah-yeen) is silent. In that respect it is said that the Hebrew `Ayn, unlike the Arabic one, sees but does not speak.
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Andis Kaulins wrote:
Thank you for your useful and interesting postings on the topic of "the case of h2nd" = khnt.Your presentation is clear and easy to follow.
We definitley have some points of agreement that Proto-Indo-European reconstructions often are based on shaky ground.
This all looks like a very fruitful line of inquiry which I think we should continue to follow, although I will not always agree with your conclusions, as you will see, though I have no doubt that Arabic is related to Indo-European in origin, since - from my point of view - all languages of the world are related.
I have additional observations regarding the origin of khnt:
1. The Arabic meaning of "act of rebellion" seems to me to be merely one special case of being "opposite to" or "against" something. In my opinion, it is thus a specific Arabic application of the basic term khnt which does not necessarily give us any information about word origins here.
We have similar terms in Indo-European which are surely related to the above-mentioned special application of khnt in Arabic, for example the English contra and counter, i.e. "to counter something, to being against it". In Latvian, which is much more archaic than English, we find the surely related term cīnīt- "to struggle against, to battle with". We see in this manner that the Arabic use of khnt for the concept of "rebellion" is thus not linguistically unusual from the standpoint of Indo-European language.
2. It would seem to me that to get to the actual word root in the case of h2nd we have to go back much further in time than Middle Egyptian. Rainer Hannig's Egyptian Dictionary I of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period has numerous terms on pages 954 to 962 from the Old Kingdom involving h2nd in various meanings centered around the idea of "being in front of", also in the apparently more archaic sense of "being at the head of, leading".
For that older meaning we have the comparable Baltic dzināt viz. dzīt (to drove, to drive (e.g. a herd of animals)) as a form of Latvian dzinējs "drover, driver" which we find in Lithuanian ginejas. For the Pharaonic prefixed variant m-khnt we then find the Latvian comparable mudzināt "to urge on, to spur on".
Also in in the Old Kingdom Pharaonic hieroglyphs - as in the Baltic - we then find h2nd written without the interceding letter N as kht which the Egyptologists falsely read as khnt.
The Egyptologists also falsely read e.g. khntj-sh for a similar hieroglyph without an N whose meaning is either "wood from Lebanon" or "settler", a hieroglyph which of course is correctly to be read as dzitar, i.e. cedar in the case of the wood from Lebanon and seter in the case of the settlers (as in the Norwegian seter "settlements" or Swedish seter or Latvian seta, "fence, border".) The scribes left the N out intentionally in Pharaonic.
The reason that the sound DZ- was represented in Pharaonic language by the standing vases is perhaps - and this is speculative - because in Indo-European, e.g. Latvian dzid-ris means "clear fluid" which may be what the vases homophonically represent.
The root for the Indo-European terms in form similar to the word hand is different, as in my opinion it relates to the concept of "side", in e.g. Latvian sānite viz. sāni meaning "side, for which we have the comparable German k-form in Kante "edge, side (in this sense)". The Indo-European terms of the form hand thus do not derive from h2nd word forms.
Moreover, the notion that the shift of pronunciation is from h to k to s, as I have often stated (see e.g. http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi53.htm ), is false. Rather the process is from the other direction: "S-forms in Sumerian and Akkadian predominate, so S is older than K, contrary to current "West-centered" satem - centum theory." The satem-centum shift never took place. Rather, S degraded to K and then to H. Neither Sumerian nor Latvian have a native H.
Saturday, June 2, 2007
LARYNGEAL THEORY - LexiLine Journal 457
Ishinan wrote:
While writing a paper on guttural letters my research eventually touched upon the Laryngeal theory, specifically "PIE Reconstruction: *h2enti; Hittite hanti; Latin ante (before, against)". Considerable debate still surrounds the pronunciation of the laryngeals. Many believe that they represented some sort of glottal stop or pharyngeal. I am sure you are all familiar with this continuous argument. 
While writing a paper on guttural letters my research eventually touched upon the Laryngeal theory, specifically "PIE Reconstruction: *h2enti; Hittite hanti; Latin ante (before, against)". Considerable debate still surrounds the pronunciation of the laryngeals. Many believe that they represented some sort of glottal stop or pharyngeal. I am sure you are all familiar with this continuous argument.
In that respect, I discovered the following:
(Pre-Islamic) Classical Arabic has the very same term `nd (transliterated as : H2nd) spelled with a voiced pharyngeal fricative initial letter `ayn (see the attached JPEG below).
INDO -EUROPEAN ETYMOLOGY: "Ante- prefix meaning "before," from L. ante (prep. and adv.) "before, in front of, opposite" from PIE *anti "facing opposite, near, in front of, before. From L. ante "before," from PIE *anti "facing opposite, near, in front of, before" (cf. Skt. antah "end, border, boundary," Hittite hanti "opposite," Gk. anta, anten "opposite," anti "over against, opposite, before;" O.Lith. anta "on to;" Goth. anda "along;" O.E. and- "against;" Ger. ent- "along, against"). Thus PIE (traditional) *anti "in front of and facing" > Greek antأ "against"; Latin ante "in front of, before"; (Sanskrit أ،nti "near; in the presence of"). In Hittite there is a noun ل¸«ants "front, face", with various derivatives (ل¸«antezzi "first", and so on, pointing to a PIE root-noun *hâ‚ent- "face" (of which *hâ‚‚enti would be the locative singular)"
As you can see, the Arabic term has the range of meanings included in the Indo-European terms.
While the Arabic term is of great antiquity, it is still widely used to this day. Moreover, to my knowledge, it is unique to Arabic and not shared with its sister languages (like Hebrew, Aramaic, Ugaritic etc.) Thinking I was dealing with typical Nostratic material, I checked "Early Reconstructions of Nostratics" by V.M. Illic Svitycs (translated by Mark Kaiser), but found that it was not included.
The question I would like to pose to Indo-Europeanists is the following:
In your opinion, If PIE *anti is shared with a non-Indo-European language, is it still eligible to be counted as PIE?
The same question, addressed to Nostratists:
Does the existence of this term in Arabic alone among A. A. languages qualify it to be counted as Nostratic?
Any thoughts?
Ishinan
Andis Kaulins wrote:
At the Ancient Egypt Weblog I provide my explanation for the Egyptian hieroglyphs for vowels as follows (http://www.lexiline.com/images/pharaonicvowels.png ):
The above graphic shows my discovery that the labeal, pharyngeal, velar and uvular sounds in Pharaonic Egyptian were represented by four separate hieroglyphs that correspond to the later matres lectiones of the Hebrew alphabet. Here we see that 'ayn was preeceded by a Pharaonic hieroglyph represented by a predatory bird, viz. ērglis in Indo-European (e.g. meaning "eagle" in Latvian) which is a word that is homophonic (same-sounding) with ieriklis or ierikle "in the throat" (in Latvian), so that 'ayn was most assuredly preceded by the eagle (vulture) hieroglyph representing the pharyngeal sound "in the throat".
A discussion concerning the current pronunciation of 'ayn is found at the Word Reference Forum.
The alleged PIE root 'hanti- viz. *anti- relates to two distinct ancient concepts,
namely "behind, back of" and "in front of, opposite of".
At the Bantu Basic Vocabulary Database
we find words comparable to Indo-European for the idea of "behind":
Bantu Bemba kùŋkì
Bantu Bukusu kóòŋgò
Bantu Koyo ŋgɔ̀ŋgɔ̀
or "back (of)"
Bantu Bukusu kóòŋgò
Bantu Kinyamwezi gɔ̀ɔ̀ŋgɔ̀
Bantu Lega gòŋgò
That corresponds to Indo-European, e.g. German gegen "against, opposite"
and English "against" from Middle English againes from ongeagn.
As the comparable Bantu terms show, this is a very old term in human language.
The question then arises whether the whole panoply of terms at the
"PIE Reconstruction: *h2enti; Hittite hanti; Latin ante (before, against)"
can be viewed to have the same word origin as ongeagn
or whether they have a different word origin.
Note here that *Hanti- is a term which in our opinion is already found as Hntj or Hntt in the Old Kingdom hieroglyphs of Pharaonic Egypt, e.g. in describing the concept of "in front of" in the names of the Nomes .
For example, the name of the nome that I decipher as
"14. Front of Cetus - Diphda, Hntj-j3btj, "front Eastern nome"
is seen to mean "in front of"
where
Hntj has also been transcribed as xntj and as Khent.
The main city of this nome was Tjaru, Greek Sile,
and in Arabic surely this was QANTaru.
We find that the Bantu Bukusu term èènì meaning "in front of" would support the Old Kingdom Pharaonic hntj "in front of", so that we would suggest that the original root of *hanti- viz. *anti- goes back to an original concept meaning "in front of", i.e. "opposite from" the viewer. The Pharaonic versions of the term would suggest a pharyngeal origin but the Bantu term would not.
In our view, all languages of the world are related in origin, a conclusion which conforms to modern genetic evidence, so that we do not turn here to the question of what here should be assigned to Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and what should be assigned to Nostratic. Egyptologists to our surprise still do not yet recognize the Indo-European stratum clearly present in Old Kingdom Pharaonic language and until they do, the whole thing is rather moot.
Andis Kaulins wrote:
At the Ancient Egypt Weblog I provide my explanation for the Egyptian hieroglyphs for vowels as follows (http://www.lexiline.com/images/pharaonicvowels.png ):
The above graphic shows my discovery that the labeal, pharyngeal, velar and uvular sounds in Pharaonic Egyptian were represented by four separate hieroglyphs that correspond to the later matres lectiones of the Hebrew alphabet. Here we see that 'ayn was preeceded by a Pharaonic hieroglyph represented by a predatory bird, viz. ērglis in Indo-European (e.g. meaning "eagle" in Latvian) which is a word that is homophonic (same-sounding) with ieriklis or ierikle "in the throat" (in Latvian), so that 'ayn was most assuredly preceded by the eagle (vulture) hieroglyph representing the pharyngeal sound "in the throat".
A discussion concerning the current pronunciation of 'ayn is found at the Word Reference Forum.
The alleged PIE root 'hanti- viz. *anti- relates to two distinct ancient concepts,
namely "behind, back of" and "in front of, opposite of".
At the Bantu Basic Vocabulary Database
we find words comparable to Indo-European for the idea of "behind":
Bantu Bemba kùŋkì
Bantu Bukusu kóòŋgò
Bantu Koyo ŋgɔ̀ŋgɔ̀
or "back (of)"
Bantu Bukusu kóòŋgò
Bantu Kinyamwezi gɔ̀ɔ̀ŋgɔ̀
Bantu Lega gòŋgò
That corresponds to Indo-European, e.g. German gegen "against, opposite"
and English "against" from Middle English againes from ongeagn.
As the comparable Bantu terms show, this is a very old term in human language.
The question then arises whether the whole panoply of terms at the
"PIE Reconstruction: *h2enti; Hittite hanti; Latin ante (before, against)"
can be viewed to have the same word origin as ongeagn
or whether they have a different word origin.
Note here that *Hanti- is a term which in our opinion is already found as Hntj or Hntt in the Old Kingdom hieroglyphs of Pharaonic Egypt, e.g. in describing the concept of "in front of" in the names of the Nomes .
For example, the name of the nome that I decipher as
"14. Front of Cetus - Diphda, Hntj-j3btj, "front Eastern nome"
is seen to mean "in front of"
where
Hntj has also been transcribed as xntj and as Khent.
The main city of this nome was Tjaru, Greek Sile,
and in Arabic surely this was QANTaru.
We find that the Bantu Bukusu term èènì meaning "in front of" would support the Old Kingdom Pharaonic hntj "in front of", so that we would suggest that the original root of *hanti- viz. *anti- goes back to an original concept meaning "in front of", i.e. "opposite from" the viewer. The Pharaonic versions of the term would suggest a pharyngeal origin but the Bantu term would not.
In our view, all languages of the world are related in origin, a conclusion which conforms to modern genetic evidence, so that we do not turn here to the question of what here should be assigned to Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and what should be assigned to Nostratic. Egyptologists to our surprise still do not yet recognize the Indo-European stratum clearly present in Old Kingdom Pharaonic language and until they do, the whole thing is rather moot.
Thursday, May 31, 2007
Caucasus Dolmens Russia Deciphered as Astronomy - LexiLine Journal 456
I have recently succeeded in deciphering the megalithic dolmens of the Caucasus in Russia as representing a gigantic sky map of the heavens, i.e. they are a planisphere of the stars.
[Note in the year 2010: the links to the West Caucasus Dolmens Project of Viktor Trifonov no longer exist and have been supplanted by a website on the "Project Archive" at Prehistoric Megaliths of the Western Caucasus. The website of Serg Valganov, The Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths, at http://megalith.ru/articles/ also no longer exists but can be found at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.]
My decipherment of the Russian dolmens relies on the placement of the position of the dolmens as found on a map [originally] published by Dr. Viktor Trifonov of the West Caucasus Dolmens Project(Institute for History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaya nab., 18, St.-Petersburg, 191186 Russia; Tel. +7 (812) 571-50-92, fax +7 (812) 571-62-71; e-mail: admin@archeo.ru.
The map of the positions of the dolmens [was originally] found at http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens/index.htm and http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens/map.1.jpg. [Note in the year 2010: the website of the West Caucasus Dolmens Project is no longer online, but the map of the position of the dolmens is found at Prehistoric Megaliths of the Western Caucasus and also at http://www.russia-ic.com/travel/places/1000/. Pictures of these dolmens are also found at Western Caucasus Dolmens.]
My interpretation of the positions of these dolmens as representing the stars of the major northern stellar constellations has been posted to the LexiLine Files under Russia Karelia and Eastern Europe as the file (shown in the graphic below) caucasusdolmensrussiadecipheredbykaulins.png
For more information, the two major websites which document the megalithic sites in the Caucasus [were originally]:
1. Viktor Trifonov, Prehistoric Megaliths in the Western Caucasus (West Caucasus Dolmens Project), at http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens - now at Prehistoric Megaliths of the Western Caucasus
2. Serg Valganov, The Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths, at http://megalith.ru/articles/ [this website no longer exists - but can be found at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
The Dolmens of Russia are described as follows at the Wikipedia :
[Note in the year 2010: the links to the West Caucasus Dolmens Project of Viktor Trifonov no longer exist and have been supplanted by a website on the "Project Archive" at Prehistoric Megaliths of the Western Caucasus. The website of Serg Valganov, The Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths, at http://megalith.ru/articles/ also no longer exists but can be found at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.]
My decipherment of the Russian dolmens relies on the placement of the position of the dolmens as found on a map [originally] published by Dr. Viktor Trifonov of the West Caucasus Dolmens Project(Institute for History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaya nab., 18, St.-Petersburg, 191186 Russia; Tel. +7 (812) 571-50-92, fax +7 (812) 571-62-71; e-mail: admin@archeo.ru.
The map of the positions of the dolmens [was originally] found at http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens/index.htm and http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens/map.1.jpg. [Note in the year 2010: the website of the West Caucasus Dolmens Project is no longer online, but the map of the position of the dolmens is found at Prehistoric Megaliths of the Western Caucasus and also at http://www.russia-ic.com/travel/places/1000/. Pictures of these dolmens are also found at Western Caucasus Dolmens.]
My interpretation of the positions of these dolmens as representing the stars of the major northern stellar constellations has been posted to the LexiLine Files under Russia Karelia and Eastern Europe as the file (shown in the graphic below) caucasusdolmensrussiadecipheredbykaulins.png
For more information, the two major websites which document the megalithic sites in the Caucasus [were originally]:
1. Viktor Trifonov, Prehistoric Megaliths in the Western Caucasus (West Caucasus Dolmens Project), at http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens - now at Prehistoric Megaliths of the Western Caucasus
2. Serg Valganov, The Dolmen Path - Russian Megaliths, at http://megalith.ru/articles/ [this website no longer exists - but can be found at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
The Dolmens of Russia are described as follows at the Wikipedia :
"These dolmens cover the Western Caucasus on both sides of the mountain ridge, in an area of approximately 12.000 square kilometres.... The monuments date between the end of the 4th millennium and .... While generally unknown in the rest of Europe, these Russian megaliths are equal to the great megaliths of Europe in terms of age and quality of architecture, but are still of an unknown origin. In spite of the variety of Caucasian monuments, they show strong similarities with megaliths from different parts of Europe and Asia, like the Iberian Peninsula, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Israel and India. A range of hypotheses has been put forward to explain these similarities and the building of megaliths on the whole, but still it remains unclear. Approximately 3000 of these megalithic monuments are known in the Western Caucasus, but more are constantly being found, while more and more are also being destroyed. Today, many of these monuments are in great disrepair and will be completely lost if they are not protected from vandals and general neglect."
Sunday, April 8, 2007
REVISED Holy Land Megaliths Deciphered - Aleppo and Lebanon take names from Halbah as Coma Berenices - LexiLine Journal 455
On January 23, 2005 I submitted a posting to LexiLine titled "Holy Land Megaliths Deciphered" and uploaded the files megalithsoftheholyland.gif and megalithsoftheholyland.png to our LexiLine files presenting my
"Astronomical Decipherment of the Megaliths of the Holy Land".
I have made a small revision to an important part of that decipherment and have uploaded it as the file holylandmegaliths.png (the graphic below)to our LexiLine files:
The revision has to do with that area of my map of the Holy Land in holylandmegaliths.png which represents today's Lebanon and Syria .
In researching the origin of the name of the city of Aleppo , the second largest city in modern Syria (after Damascus), I learned that the Arabic name for Aleppo was HALAB, which the linguists say was allegedly related to Aramaic HALABA meaning "white", which has led to all kinds of fanciful etymologies that Aleppo takes its name from the white marble in the region, or the white color of the soil, or, as written in the Wikipedia, that the name Halab means "gave out milk," coming from the ancient tradition that Abraham gave milk to travelers as they moved throughout the region" and hence, to continue at the Wikipedia: "The colour of his cows was ashen (Arab. shaheb), therefore the city is also called "Halab ash-Shahba'" (he milked the ash-coloured).
The name of Lebanon (Arabic LBN) is also thought to derive from that same concept of "white" or "milk".
Of course, those cited etymologies are absurd, and so I set out to see if my astronomical decipherment of the megaliths of the Holy Land could provide an explanation - and that is indeed the case.
The German version of the Wikipedia article about Aleppo writes that the Akkadian name of Aleppo was Halab or Halap (also written Hallaba, Halba, Halbi, Halpa). Egyptian sources write hlp, in Ugaritic and Aramaic it is hlb, in classical times Halpa, and in the Seleucid Empire suddenly it was called Beröa, and it is that last name which provided me with the idea for the riddle's solution of the origin of both the name of Aleppo as well as the name of Lebanon.
In my astronomical megalithic decipherment of the Holy Land, I assigned the area of Lebanon to Spica (this of course we now can see is retained as ash-Shahba).
But as I have now discovered in Richard Hinckley Allen's Star Names (page 171), the stars of COMA BERENICES just above Virgo and Spica were called AL HALBAH in Arabic.
Accordingly, Aleppo and Lebanon in fact do take their name from HALBA, but HALBAH was named for the stars of the constellation of Coma Berenices, and not for the concept of "white" or "milk". That we see through the Seleucid renaming of Aleppo as BERÖA, which is simply a short form for BERE-nices.
This of course is then also the origin of the name of Beirut, Lebanon's capital and largest city, whose history goes back about 5000 years, falsely thought by the linguists to originally mean Bêrūt "The Wells", as allegedly rooted in a Phonenician word so meaning.
In fact, Coma Berenices is affiliated in legend with Syria (we quote the Wikipedia under Coma Berenices):
______________
Marian Marchidanu wrote:
First, I want to excuse me for my bad english.
Aleppo is also the name for the first letter in alphabet: Aleppo= Alpha
ALB= WHITE in romanian
LAPte= Milk in romanian
SYRIA= SURIAnu - old name for SOARE = SUN in romanian,
so, SYRIA= Country of the Sun.
A theory for origin of "white men civilisation" is in Danubiu Valley and Balkan and north Black See Plains.
More at "www.bosnianpyramid.com" and "www.dacia.org"
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Andis Kaulins replied:
Thank you for your comments. Your English is understandable and that is the main thing.
1. I think that the first letter of the alphabet originally meant "breath", which is ELPA viz. ALPA, for example, in Latvian. Romanian should have a similar word. Early written alphabets pictured ALPHA as a steer - this in Latvian is LUOP- (applied to beasts of burdens or animals of that nature), and there should be a similar word for animal or beast of burden in Romanian. In Greek this is the term ELAPHI meaning "deer," a term perhaps related to the word cloven (cloven hoof) with the hypothetical Indo-European root *gleubh-" (cleaved). The reason that they used the LUOP- animal symbol in ancient days is because it is homophonic (same sounding) to ELPA viz. ALPA "breath" and the animal can be easily rendered as a symbol and a breath not.
2. You are right of course about ALB-. I do not dispute that there are many words in Indo-European -see http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alba - in the form ALB- that mean white (Latin albus, and ALBA is the Gaelic name for Scotland, which was also applied to the whole of Great Britain). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba
In Latvian the L and B are reversed as BAL(t) for the term white, which I think is the more archaic form, with ALB formed by metathesis from BAL-. We see a good example of this in the Maltese words for white: Maltese: abjad m., bajda f where the L has become a J and where we see the development of the word to include a preceding vowel in the male form of the word.
The mainstream linguists allege that ALB- words have a proto-Indo-European origin of *alb- meaning "mountain" (whence "Alps"), an etymology which is highly questionable - as if peoples could not distinguish the mountains from the white snow upon them, and as if they did not have a word for white in areas of no mountains, for the Indo-Europeans did not originate in the mountains. See all of the BL- forms of words for white in European languages at http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white . The alb- forms are in the minority and yet the linguists posit a root of *alb- rather than *bal- because that is what they find in Latin, a relatively young language. We do have the cognate lavan in Hebrew, where the original b or p has become a v.
In Malayalam (a Dravidian language spoken in Kerala, in southern India) the word for white is veLuppu, showing the ve- element at the front and the LP viz. LB element of the word at the back. In the African Bantu languages we find for example Basaa púßá, Bemba lòßà, and Koyo púas words for "white" and Bemba ßéélè, Bukusu ßèèlè Lega bélèas as words for "milk". Obviously, the BL- form for white and milk is the more archaic form. The root of words meaning "white" is very old and has nothing to do with mountains - the mainstream linguists have not done their homework, otherwise, they would look to other world languages, as I do, to check their theories (see http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/bantu/word.php?v=424 ). The colors are exceedingly important words in any languages and if *albho- were actually a proto-Indo-European root, then it would be vastly widespread in words for white and words dervied from that - which is simply not the case.
Bantu also explains why a term like alp- for mountain is so close to terms for white and milk in Indo-European. Bantu Bemba uses the prefix ùlù plus the radical root pìlì as their term for a mountain or hill. The prefix ùlù can be compared to french use of LE in front of words. When prefix and root are glued together then one gets ùlùpìlì i.e. a word similar to alp "mountain" and that is probably how the Alps were named. The ROOT of the word is something like PIL-, which, for example, in Latin is pile "pillar", in Latvian pils "castle" and which we find in Romanian as stalp (st-alp) "pillar" or in Slavic generally as stolp (st-olp) meaning "tower". The Alps were thus logically named as "towers" of stone and not for the color of the snow upon them.
3. There is no reason to have named Lebanon for the concept of white and that kind of an etymology is just nonsense by the linguists.
4. I myself used to think that Syria took its name from the Sun, i.e. as worshippers of the Sun rather than the Moon, so that I think this idea of yours is very good, but I no longer think that the Sun was involved in the naming of Assyria. The evidence is pretty good that the name goes back to Ashur and Ishtar, and this is clearly the "goddess" Virgo, i.e. an astronomical origin.
"Astronomical Decipherment of the Megaliths of the Holy Land".
I have made a small revision to an important part of that decipherment and have uploaded it as the file holylandmegaliths.png (the graphic below)to our LexiLine files:
The revision has to do with that area of my map of the Holy Land in holylandmegaliths.png which represents today's Lebanon and Syria .
In researching the origin of the name of the city of Aleppo , the second largest city in modern Syria (after Damascus), I learned that the Arabic name for Aleppo was HALAB, which the linguists say was allegedly related to Aramaic HALABA meaning "white", which has led to all kinds of fanciful etymologies that Aleppo takes its name from the white marble in the region, or the white color of the soil, or, as written in the Wikipedia, that the name Halab means "gave out milk," coming from the ancient tradition that Abraham gave milk to travelers as they moved throughout the region" and hence, to continue at the Wikipedia: "The colour of his cows was ashen (Arab. shaheb), therefore the city is also called "Halab ash-Shahba'" (he milked the ash-coloured).
The name of Lebanon (Arabic LBN) is also thought to derive from that same concept of "white" or "milk".
Of course, those cited etymologies are absurd, and so I set out to see if my astronomical decipherment of the megaliths of the Holy Land could provide an explanation - and that is indeed the case.
The German version of the Wikipedia article about Aleppo writes that the Akkadian name of Aleppo was Halab or Halap (also written Hallaba, Halba, Halbi, Halpa). Egyptian sources write hlp, in Ugaritic and Aramaic it is hlb, in classical times Halpa, and in the Seleucid Empire suddenly it was called Beröa, and it is that last name which provided me with the idea for the riddle's solution of the origin of both the name of Aleppo as well as the name of Lebanon.
In my astronomical megalithic decipherment of the Holy Land, I assigned the area of Lebanon to Spica (this of course we now can see is retained as ash-Shahba).
But as I have now discovered in Richard Hinckley Allen's Star Names (page 171), the stars of COMA BERENICES just above Virgo and Spica were called AL HALBAH in Arabic.
Accordingly, Aleppo and Lebanon in fact do take their name from HALBA, but HALBAH was named for the stars of the constellation of Coma Berenices, and not for the concept of "white" or "milk". That we see through the Seleucid renaming of Aleppo as BERÖA, which is simply a short form for BERE-nices.
This of course is then also the origin of the name of Beirut, Lebanon's capital and largest city, whose history goes back about 5000 years, falsely thought by the linguists to originally mean Bêrūt "The Wells", as allegedly rooted in a Phonenician word so meaning.
In fact, Coma Berenices is affiliated in legend with Syria (we quote the Wikipedia under Coma Berenices):
"Coma Berenices has been known as a distinct asterism since ancient Greek times. Eratosthenes referred to it as both "Ariadne's Hair" and "Berenice's Hair". Ptolemy referred to it as "the lock" (of hair); however, he did not list it as one of his 48 constellations, considering it as part of Leo. For many years, Coma Berenices was considered usually as the tuft in Leo's tail, or sometimes as part of Virgo. [emphasis added by LexiLine - Virgo was the Female, the Furrow, and above it Coma Berenices was the bush - this description probably goes back into prehistory. Indeed, according to Al Biruni, Al Hulbah, "the Bristle" applied to Virgo.]
During the 16th century, a few maps that were made of the sky pictured two new constellations, including Coma Berenices. Tycho Brahe, who is usually given credit for the creation of the constellation, listed it as a distinct constellation in his star catalogue of 1602, and it appeared in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603.As for the name of SYRIA and ASSYRIA, it was then marked in the hermetic astronomical system as Virgo or the "Girdle of the Virgin", in Babylonian Sa-Sha-Shiru (see Richard Hinckley Allen, p. 468), which gave that country its ancient name, ASHUR, as derived from ISHTAR, who, according to the Britannica, was affiliated, inter alia, with Virgo. The linguists tell us that the alleged origin for ASSYRIAN is the Semitic SIRYON, but then of course, ZARIJAN is the name of the star beta-Virginis, also known in Babylonian as NIN-SAR.
Even though this constellation is a modern constellation, it is associated with a charming legend. It is one of the few constellations (with Scutum) to owe its name to a historical figure, in this case Queen Berenice II of Egypt, wife of Ptolemy III Euergetes (fl. 246 BC-221 BC), the king under whom Alexandria became an important cultural center.
Circa 243 BC, the king undertook a dangerous expedition against the Syrians, who had murdered his sister. Berenice swore to the goddess Aphrodite to sacrifice her famous long hair, of which she was extremely proud, if her husband returned safely. He did, and she had her hair cut and placed it in the goddess' temple.
By the next morning the hair had disappeared. To appease the furious king and queen (and save the lives of the temple priests), the court astronomer, Conon, announced that the offering had so pleased the goddess, that she had placed it in the sky. He indicated a cluster of stars that at the time were identified as Leo's tail, but which have since been called Berenice's Hair. (Cf. Gaius Julius Hyginus, Astronomica 2.24)"
______________
Marian Marchidanu wrote:
First, I want to excuse me for my bad english.
Aleppo is also the name for the first letter in alphabet: Aleppo= Alpha
ALB= WHITE in romanian
LAPte= Milk in romanian
SYRIA= SURIAnu - old name for SOARE = SUN in romanian,
so, SYRIA= Country of the Sun.
A theory for origin of "white men civilisation" is in Danubiu Valley and Balkan and north Black See Plains.
More at "www.bosnianpyramid.com" and "www.dacia.org"
______________
Andis Kaulins replied:
Thank you for your comments. Your English is understandable and that is the main thing.
1. I think that the first letter of the alphabet originally meant "breath", which is ELPA viz. ALPA, for example, in Latvian. Romanian should have a similar word. Early written alphabets pictured ALPHA as a steer - this in Latvian is LUOP- (applied to beasts of burdens or animals of that nature), and there should be a similar word for animal or beast of burden in Romanian. In Greek this is the term ELAPHI meaning "deer," a term perhaps related to the word cloven (cloven hoof) with the hypothetical Indo-European root *gleubh-" (cleaved). The reason that they used the LUOP- animal symbol in ancient days is because it is homophonic (same sounding) to ELPA viz. ALPA "breath" and the animal can be easily rendered as a symbol and a breath not.
2. You are right of course about ALB-. I do not dispute that there are many words in Indo-European -see http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alba - in the form ALB- that mean white (Latin albus, and ALBA is the Gaelic name for Scotland, which was also applied to the whole of Great Britain). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba
In Latvian the L and B are reversed as BAL(t) for the term white, which I think is the more archaic form, with ALB formed by metathesis from BAL-. We see a good example of this in the Maltese words for white: Maltese: abjad m., bajda f where the L has become a J and where we see the development of the word to include a preceding vowel in the male form of the word.
The mainstream linguists allege that ALB- words have a proto-Indo-European origin of *alb- meaning "mountain" (whence "Alps"), an etymology which is highly questionable - as if peoples could not distinguish the mountains from the white snow upon them, and as if they did not have a word for white in areas of no mountains, for the Indo-Europeans did not originate in the mountains. See all of the BL- forms of words for white in European languages at http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white . The alb- forms are in the minority and yet the linguists posit a root of *alb- rather than *bal- because that is what they find in Latin, a relatively young language. We do have the cognate lavan in Hebrew, where the original b or p has become a v.
In Malayalam (a Dravidian language spoken in Kerala, in southern India) the word for white is veLuppu, showing the ve- element at the front and the LP viz. LB element of the word at the back. In the African Bantu languages we find for example Basaa púßá, Bemba lòßà, and Koyo púas words for "white" and Bemba ßéélè, Bukusu ßèèlè Lega bélèas as words for "milk". Obviously, the BL- form for white and milk is the more archaic form. The root of words meaning "white" is very old and has nothing to do with mountains - the mainstream linguists have not done their homework, otherwise, they would look to other world languages, as I do, to check their theories (see http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/bantu/word.php?v=424 ). The colors are exceedingly important words in any languages and if *albho- were actually a proto-Indo-European root, then it would be vastly widespread in words for white and words dervied from that - which is simply not the case.
Bantu also explains why a term like alp- for mountain is so close to terms for white and milk in Indo-European. Bantu Bemba uses the prefix ùlù plus the radical root pìlì as their term for a mountain or hill. The prefix ùlù can be compared to french use of LE in front of words. When prefix and root are glued together then one gets ùlùpìlì i.e. a word similar to alp "mountain" and that is probably how the Alps were named. The ROOT of the word is something like PIL-, which, for example, in Latin is pile "pillar", in Latvian pils "castle" and which we find in Romanian as stalp (st-alp) "pillar" or in Slavic generally as stolp (st-olp) meaning "tower". The Alps were thus logically named as "towers" of stone and not for the color of the snow upon them.
3. There is no reason to have named Lebanon for the concept of white and that kind of an etymology is just nonsense by the linguists.
4. I myself used to think that Syria took its name from the Sun, i.e. as worshippers of the Sun rather than the Moon, so that I think this idea of yours is very good, but I no longer think that the Sun was involved in the naming of Assyria. The evidence is pretty good that the name goes back to Ashur and Ishtar, and this is clearly the "goddess" Virgo, i.e. an astronomical origin.
Thursday, March 22, 2007
Bithiah Moses Royal Pharaonic Genealogy - LexiLine Journal 454
Some of you will be familiar with my view that Moses was born ca. 1700 BC, that his life history is found in the Egyptian monuments and that there was even a Tomb of Moses. We are now able to add much more analysis to this topic, which appears further below highlighted and in part marked in red. Here is what Chris Bennett has written:
"Nevertheless, there does appear to be a prima facie case here for an Egyptian princess with descendants amongst the Judahites."
Postings from soc.genealogy.medieval regarding the genealogy of the Pharaonic Royal Family have been compiled by F.A. Doria at http://erwan.gil.free.fr/modules/freepages/pharaons/ramses_II.pdf under the title: A 4000–Year Old Descent from Antiquity: From the 12th Egyptian Dynasty to the Capetians and Beyond, compiled by F. A. Doria from postings to soc.medieval.gen [soc.genealogy.medieval], 1995–1998, Analysis of the descent by Chris Bennett, Comments and discussion by C. Settipani and N. Taylor, May 2001.
We reproduce the relevant part of that .pdf below which definitely supports our view that the Biblical version of the early life of Moses is found in the Pharaonic genealogy of the 12th Dynasty and the Intermediate Period and that Moses lived during this era.
The article begins below with a Pharaonic genealogical "descent from antiquity" (DFA).
Note especially that what Steiner writes in Footnote 1 is wrong insofar as he incorrectly and artificially seeks answers in the reign of Ramses II even though there is no evidence anywhere that Moses lived in that era. Important is what Bennett writes in Footnote 1 regarding a possible Jewish "hereditary princess" somewhere in the Pharaonic genealogy, which, as we show, meshes perfectly with the 12th Dynasty and Intermediate Period.
The material in brackets and/or in red has been added by LexiLine:
____start of the quoted article ____
"1 The descent
The line goes as follows: [Footnote 1]
12th dynasty
1. Sen–Wosret, ancestor of the 12th Dynasty. Son:
2. Amenemhat I, d. 1962 b.C., first king, 12th Dynasty. Son:
3. Sen–Wosret I, co–regent and then sole ruler for 45 years. Son:
4. Amenemhet II, buried at Dahshur. Son:
5. Sen–Wosret II, built pyramid at Illahun. Son:
6. Sen–Wosret III fought in Palestine and Nubia. Father of:
7. NN. Father of:
8. Amenemhet III, d. 1797 b.C., ruled for 46 years. Father of:
• NN. Follows.
• NN. Father of:
– Amenemhet IV, ruled for a brief time. Father of Queen Sebeknefru,
last of the 12th Dynasty.
9. NN. Child:
10. NN. Child:
Intermediate period
11. Kemi, a daughter,[Footnote 2] who married Ha–Ankhef, God's Father; parents of
Ha–Ankhef were Nehi and Senebtisi. Son: [emphasis added by LexiLine]
12. Khaneferre Sebekhotep IV, king c. 1737–1727. M. Queen Tjani. Child: [this date is wrong as MOses was born in the reign of Khaneferre ca. 1707 B.C., emphasis added by LexiLine, Khaneferre was the name of the king under whom Moses was born, according to Artapanus]
13. Sebekhotep, hereditary princess.[Footnote 3] [emphasis added by LexiLine, this was Bithiah, the "hereditary" Jewish daughter of the pharaoh, who adopted Moses at the urging of Moses' sister Miriam, Exodus 2:4-8 ] M. Senebhanef, vizier under (probably) Mernerferre Ay, king of all Egypt c. 1713–1690 [emphasis added by LexiLine, MER-nfr is Biblical Mered, and the husband of Bithiah, called Jehudiah, the Jewess, in the Bible at 1 Chronicles 4:18, who bore three sons, Jered, Gedor and Jekuthiel. Mered also had three brothers, Jether, Epher, and Jalon, 1 Chronicles 4:17 ].[Footnote 4] Child:
14. Mentuhotep. Died during the reign of her husband.[Footnote 5] Husband, king
Sekhemre–sementawi Djehuti, c. 1660 BC; reigned 3y ears. Parents of: [emphasis added by Lexiline: No, the three brothers are either the 3 sons of Mered and Bithiah or the 3 brothers of Mered - the Footnote forebodingly says the parentage is certain - why that necessity of statement?- and exactly the opposite is true]
15. One of three brothers: [emphasis added by LexiLine: a battle for succession between brothers and/or sons?]
either Sekhemre–se'ankhtawi Neferhotep III (who
reigned 1 year?), or Sekhemre–seusertawi Sebekhotep VIII (reigned for 16
years?—a 4th year is known inscriptionally) or even Se'ankhenre Mentuhotep
VII (formerly VI) (reigned for a single year?).[Footnote 6] One of them is
the father [Footnote 7] of: [emphasis added by LexiLine, this statement is false, as Footnote 7 suggests]
16. Sekhemre-shedtawi Sebekemsaf I (formerly II), whose tomb was desecrated
by 20th dynasty tomb robbers. M. Queen Nubkhas. Parents of: [emphasis added by LexiLine, this is Moses]
17. Nubkheperre Inyotef VII (formerly V) [emphasis added by LexiLine: The Biblical name of the wife of Moses is Ziporrah and this is Nubhkeperre, with ZI incorrectly read by the Egyptologists as Nubkhe. This is the WIFE of Moses. The hieroglyph is the symbol used for precious metals and the word is Indo-European, as e.g. Russian Serebro or German Silber "silver". Ziporrah is the daughter of Jethro, a Midianite i.e. a Palestinian.], king for at least 3y ears (probably
much more) c. 1600 b.C.[Footnote 8] M. Queen Sebekemsaf, almost certainly the daughter of Horhorkhuwaytef, governor of Edfu, and Sebeknakht, a king's
daughter. Which king? Se'ankhenre Mentuhotep VII (see 15. above) or
one of the other two candidates;[Footnote 9] mother is Queen Satmut, known to be wife of a Theban king Mentuhotep of this period.
Parents of:
18. Sekhenre–wahkhau Rahotep (or, less likely, Sekhenre–wadjkhau Sebekemsaf II (formerly I), his predecessor).[Footnote 10] [emphasis by LexiLine, this is Biblical Nun ]
17th dynasty
M. Tetisheri.[Footnote 11] Tetisheri was the daughter of Cenna (Tenna), m. to Neferu;
XVII Dynasty.[Footnote 12]
[ __________footnotes to the article ]
[Footnote 1]
From an early 2000 post to the gen–med list by Chris Bennett [link added by LexiLine]:
"I have recently come across an article which may be of interest (R. C. Steiner, "Bitte–Ya, daughter of Pharaoh, and Bint(i)–'Anat daughter of Ramses II," Biblica 79:3 (1998) 394—Biblica is now available online at http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/index.htm [LexiLine note: no longer available at that link, abstract at http://www.bsw.org/?l=7179 ], but this particular article is the only article omitted from the 1998 online collection [LexiLine note: it is still omitted as of this date]). Steiner discusses a certain Bithiah, daughter of pharaoh, mentioned
as the wife of Mered in a collection of genealogies of the tribe of Judah.
He argues that the name Bithiah disguises an original "Bint–Anath," known as a
daughter of Ramses II. [emphasis added by LexiLine, Ramses II - who we claim is King Solomon - had at least a hundred children and seeking some artificial name similarity to one of them is absurd] Noting that the ancestor of the line discussed, Ezra, is in some way a relative of Caleb, who was a companion of Joshua, and that Mered's grandsons were named as founders of the cities of Gedor, Socor and Zanoah, he argues that Mered must be dated to the 12/11th centuries BC. On this basis, he suggests that Bithiah was a D20 (20th Dynasty) princess Bint–Anath, perhaps a [grand]daughter of Ramses III.
FWIW there is at least one known case of an Egyptian princess, Nebetia daughter of the king's son SiAtum, who was almost certainly a king's granddaughter (likely, of Amenhotep III), bearing the title s3t nsw—"king's daughter"—probably indicating that she was born in the lifetime of her grandfather. However I see no reason the Judahites would have conformed to this nicety of Egyptian practice, I think they would have been happy to accord the title to any descendant of a pharaoh.
Anyway, I've just been checking what Chronicles actually has to say about her. Its not much. The relevant text is as follows (KJV, King James Version):
(17) And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa. (18) And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took. (19) And the sons of his wife Hodiah the sister of Naham , the father of Keilah the Garmite , and Eshtemoa the Maachathite .
It is clear that she was a mother of Mered's sons, but the wording is unclear (at least in the KJV and to me) as to exactly who they are, it rather looks like they have been elided at some point. However, one online interpretation I found suggests that Bithiah is the "she" of verse 17, and certainly this works if you assume the genealogies are constructed according to a nesting principle. OTOH , Steiner clearly regards the descendants of Ishbah listed in verse 18 as descendants of a second wife of Mered, presumably Hodiah. Whatever, these genealogies are totally outside my expertise to evaluate and I present them solely FWIW.
Nevertheless, there does appear to be a prima facie case here for an Egyptian princess with descendants amongst the Judahites. Link her up to the line of David somehow, and the problem of an Egyptian DFA becomes reduced to that of a Davidic DFA. Whether we're better off or not is up to you to judge!" [End of Footnote 1, emphasis added]
[Footnote 2]
There is a JAMS article by C. Bennett where he presents a suggestion, based on the Westcar Papyrus, that Kemi may have been descended from Amenemhat III of the 12th dynasty. C. Bennett (CB, in the next footnotes) regards this as an interesting speculation rather than a serious case. [emphasis added by LexiLine, yes, Kemi was the daughter of Amenemhet]
[Footnote 3]
A hereditary princess was not necessarily a king's daughter, but there are instances of this period where known king's daughters are only described by this title. Paternity of Sebekhotep depends on this supposition plus some chronological dead reckoning. Tjani was his wife but not necessarily the mother of Sebekhotep (CB). [emphasis added LexiLine]
[Footnote 4]
Probably identical with Senebhanef, controller of the hall, son of Yauyebi, vizier under (probably) Wahibre Yauyebi, king c. 1723-1713 and Renressonb, certainly daughter of Id, Herald of Adhur-nakht (CB).
[Footnote 5]
The connection to parents given here is virtually certain (CB). [emphasis by LexiLine, the connection is in fact quite uncertain]
[Footnote 6]
Brotherhood is supposed because of naming patterns and other genealogical indications in the later dynasty (CB).
[Footnote 7]
The next step on this line is based on the pattern of prenomens and the theory that the succession system in this dynasty was fratrilineal (CB).
[Footnote 8]
Almost certainly the brother of Sekhemre–wepma'et Inyotef V (formerly VI) ("the Elder"), who was certainly the son of a king (CB).
[Footnote 9] The proposed identify of her father is based on chronological plausibility and a known association with Edfu.
[Footnote 10]
These kings, and their predecessors back to about 1660 b.C., ruled in Upper Egypt only. There is reason to believe that his principal wife was a queen Sebekemsaf-Haanhkes, king's wife, king's sister and king's daughter. Art–historical and collateral genealogical data place him in this period. Juggling the possibilities, we arrive as this as the most likely step (CB).
[Footnote 11] The theory that Tetisheri married Ta'o I, although of very long standing, is a pure guess, based solely on the facts that Ta'o I was probably Ta'o II's immediate predecessor and that Tetisheri, the daughter of commoners, married a king. The only solid indicator of Ta'o's position is that he was called Ta'o–o, meaning "Ta'o the Elder" (though one respected expert, Claude Vandersleyen, disputes the evidence that he was called Ta'o at all—hypercritically).
By analogy with a slightly earlier king Inyotef "the Elder," who was elder brother of a king Inyotef, Ta'o I was probably brother to Ta'o II. It is a well–documented, if confusing, custom of the period to give many children the same name. But, Teti-sheri did marry a king. Who, we don't know. Here is the best guess (CB).
[Footnote 12] Tetisheri's name ("little Teti") suggests that she was related to a noble family of this period where the name Teti is prominent. Tetihemet, nurse of Queen Ahmes–Nefertari, the queen being Tetisheri's granddaughter, also came from this family. While only fragments of the family's genealogy are traceable, we can trace it from Teti son of Minhotep, an opponent of King Nubkheperre Inyotef. (CB)."
_______end of our quote of the quoted article ,
although the article is much longer than this, so take a look here for the original
"Nevertheless, there does appear to be a prima facie case here for an Egyptian princess with descendants amongst the Judahites."
Postings from soc.genealogy.medieval regarding the genealogy of the Pharaonic Royal Family have been compiled by F.A. Doria at http://erwan.gil.free.fr/modules/freepages/pharaons/ramses_II.pdf under the title: A 4000–Year Old Descent from Antiquity: From the 12th Egyptian Dynasty to the Capetians and Beyond, compiled by F. A. Doria from postings to soc.medieval.gen [soc.genealogy.medieval], 1995–1998, Analysis of the descent by Chris Bennett, Comments and discussion by C. Settipani and N. Taylor, May 2001.
We reproduce the relevant part of that .pdf below which definitely supports our view that the Biblical version of the early life of Moses is found in the Pharaonic genealogy of the 12th Dynasty and the Intermediate Period and that Moses lived during this era.
The article begins below with a Pharaonic genealogical "descent from antiquity" (DFA).
Note especially that what Steiner writes in Footnote 1 is wrong insofar as he incorrectly and artificially seeks answers in the reign of Ramses II even though there is no evidence anywhere that Moses lived in that era. Important is what Bennett writes in Footnote 1 regarding a possible Jewish "hereditary princess" somewhere in the Pharaonic genealogy, which, as we show, meshes perfectly with the 12th Dynasty and Intermediate Period.
The material in brackets and/or in red has been added by LexiLine:
____start of the quoted article ____
"1 The descent
The line goes as follows: [Footnote 1]
12th dynasty
1. Sen–Wosret, ancestor of the 12th Dynasty. Son:
2. Amenemhat I, d. 1962 b.C., first king, 12th Dynasty. Son:
3. Sen–Wosret I, co–regent and then sole ruler for 45 years. Son:
4. Amenemhet II, buried at Dahshur. Son:
5. Sen–Wosret II, built pyramid at Illahun. Son:
6. Sen–Wosret III fought in Palestine and Nubia. Father of:
7. NN. Father of:
8. Amenemhet III, d. 1797 b.C., ruled for 46 years. Father of:
• NN. Follows.
• NN. Father of:
– Amenemhet IV, ruled for a brief time. Father of Queen Sebeknefru,
last of the 12th Dynasty.
9. NN. Child:
10. NN. Child:
Intermediate period
11. Kemi, a daughter,[Footnote 2] who married Ha–Ankhef, God's Father; parents of
Ha–Ankhef were Nehi and Senebtisi. Son: [emphasis added by LexiLine]
12. Khaneferre Sebekhotep IV, king c. 1737–1727. M. Queen Tjani. Child: [this date is wrong as MOses was born in the reign of Khaneferre ca. 1707 B.C., emphasis added by LexiLine, Khaneferre was the name of the king under whom Moses was born, according to Artapanus]
13. Sebekhotep, hereditary princess.[Footnote 3] [emphasis added by LexiLine, this was Bithiah, the "hereditary" Jewish daughter of the pharaoh, who adopted Moses at the urging of Moses' sister Miriam, Exodus 2:4-8 ] M. Senebhanef, vizier under (probably) Mernerferre Ay, king of all Egypt c. 1713–1690 [emphasis added by LexiLine, MER-nfr is Biblical Mered, and the husband of Bithiah, called Jehudiah, the Jewess, in the Bible at 1 Chronicles 4:18, who bore three sons, Jered, Gedor and Jekuthiel. Mered also had three brothers, Jether, Epher, and Jalon, 1 Chronicles 4:17 ].[Footnote 4] Child:
14. Mentuhotep. Died during the reign of her husband.[Footnote 5] Husband, king
Sekhemre–sementawi Djehuti, c. 1660 BC; reigned 3y ears. Parents of: [emphasis added by Lexiline: No, the three brothers are either the 3 sons of Mered and Bithiah or the 3 brothers of Mered - the Footnote forebodingly says the parentage is certain - why that necessity of statement?- and exactly the opposite is true]
15. One of three brothers: [emphasis added by LexiLine: a battle for succession between brothers and/or sons?]
either Sekhemre–se'ankhtawi Neferhotep III (who
reigned 1 year?), or Sekhemre–seusertawi Sebekhotep VIII (reigned for 16
years?—a 4th year is known inscriptionally) or even Se'ankhenre Mentuhotep
VII (formerly VI) (reigned for a single year?).[Footnote 6] One of them is
the father [Footnote 7] of: [emphasis added by LexiLine, this statement is false, as Footnote 7 suggests]
16. Sekhemre-shedtawi Sebekemsaf I (formerly II), whose tomb was desecrated
by 20th dynasty tomb robbers. M. Queen Nubkhas. Parents of: [emphasis added by LexiLine, this is Moses]
17. Nubkheperre Inyotef VII (formerly V) [emphasis added by LexiLine: The Biblical name of the wife of Moses is Ziporrah and this is Nubhkeperre, with ZI incorrectly read by the Egyptologists as Nubkhe. This is the WIFE of Moses. The hieroglyph is the symbol used for precious metals and the word is Indo-European, as e.g. Russian Serebro or German Silber "silver". Ziporrah is the daughter of Jethro, a Midianite i.e. a Palestinian.], king for at least 3y ears (probably
much more) c. 1600 b.C.[Footnote 8] M. Queen Sebekemsaf, almost certainly the daughter of Horhorkhuwaytef, governor of Edfu, and Sebeknakht, a king's
daughter. Which king? Se'ankhenre Mentuhotep VII (see 15. above) or
one of the other two candidates;[Footnote 9] mother is Queen Satmut, known to be wife of a Theban king Mentuhotep of this period.
Parents of:
18. Sekhenre–wahkhau Rahotep (or, less likely, Sekhenre–wadjkhau Sebekemsaf II (formerly I), his predecessor).[Footnote 10] [emphasis by LexiLine, this is Biblical Nun ]
17th dynasty
M. Tetisheri.[Footnote 11] Tetisheri was the daughter of Cenna (Tenna), m. to Neferu;
XVII Dynasty.[Footnote 12]
[ __________footnotes to the article ]
[Footnote 1]
From an early 2000 post to the gen–med list by Chris Bennett [link added by LexiLine]:
"I have recently come across an article which may be of interest (R. C. Steiner, "Bitte–Ya, daughter of Pharaoh, and Bint(i)–'Anat daughter of Ramses II," Biblica 79:3 (1998) 394—Biblica is now available online at http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/index.htm [LexiLine note: no longer available at that link, abstract at http://www.bsw.org/?l=7179 ], but this particular article is the only article omitted from the 1998 online collection [LexiLine note: it is still omitted as of this date]). Steiner discusses a certain Bithiah, daughter of pharaoh, mentioned
as the wife of Mered in a collection of genealogies of the tribe of Judah.
He argues that the name Bithiah disguises an original "Bint–Anath," known as a
daughter of Ramses II. [emphasis added by LexiLine, Ramses II - who we claim is King Solomon - had at least a hundred children and seeking some artificial name similarity to one of them is absurd] Noting that the ancestor of the line discussed, Ezra, is in some way a relative of Caleb, who was a companion of Joshua, and that Mered's grandsons were named as founders of the cities of Gedor, Socor and Zanoah, he argues that Mered must be dated to the 12/11th centuries BC. On this basis, he suggests that Bithiah was a D20 (20th Dynasty) princess Bint–Anath, perhaps a [grand]daughter of Ramses III.
FWIW there is at least one known case of an Egyptian princess, Nebetia daughter of the king's son SiAtum, who was almost certainly a king's granddaughter (likely, of Amenhotep III), bearing the title s3t nsw—"king's daughter"—probably indicating that she was born in the lifetime of her grandfather. However I see no reason the Judahites would have conformed to this nicety of Egyptian practice, I think they would have been happy to accord the title to any descendant of a pharaoh.
Anyway, I've just been checking what Chronicles actually has to say about her. Its not much. The relevant text is as follows (KJV, King James Version):
(17) And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa. (18) And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took. (19) And the sons of his wife Hodiah the sister of Naham , the father of Keilah the Garmite , and Eshtemoa the Maachathite .
It is clear that she was a mother of Mered's sons, but the wording is unclear (at least in the KJV and to me) as to exactly who they are, it rather looks like they have been elided at some point. However, one online interpretation I found suggests that Bithiah is the "she" of verse 17, and certainly this works if you assume the genealogies are constructed according to a nesting principle. OTOH , Steiner clearly regards the descendants of Ishbah listed in verse 18 as descendants of a second wife of Mered, presumably Hodiah. Whatever, these genealogies are totally outside my expertise to evaluate and I present them solely FWIW.
Nevertheless, there does appear to be a prima facie case here for an Egyptian princess with descendants amongst the Judahites. Link her up to the line of David somehow, and the problem of an Egyptian DFA becomes reduced to that of a Davidic DFA. Whether we're better off or not is up to you to judge!" [End of Footnote 1, emphasis added]
[Footnote 2]
There is a JAMS article by C. Bennett where he presents a suggestion, based on the Westcar Papyrus, that Kemi may have been descended from Amenemhat III of the 12th dynasty. C. Bennett (CB, in the next footnotes) regards this as an interesting speculation rather than a serious case. [emphasis added by LexiLine, yes, Kemi was the daughter of Amenemhet]
[Footnote 3]
A hereditary princess was not necessarily a king's daughter, but there are instances of this period where known king's daughters are only described by this title. Paternity of Sebekhotep depends on this supposition plus some chronological dead reckoning. Tjani was his wife but not necessarily the mother of Sebekhotep (CB). [emphasis added LexiLine]
[Footnote 4]
Probably identical with Senebhanef, controller of the hall, son of Yauyebi, vizier under (probably) Wahibre Yauyebi, king c. 1723-1713 and Renressonb, certainly daughter of Id, Herald of Adhur-nakht (CB).
[Footnote 5]
The connection to parents given here is virtually certain (CB). [emphasis by LexiLine, the connection is in fact quite uncertain]
[Footnote 6]
Brotherhood is supposed because of naming patterns and other genealogical indications in the later dynasty (CB).
[Footnote 7]
The next step on this line is based on the pattern of prenomens and the theory that the succession system in this dynasty was fratrilineal (CB).
[Footnote 8]
Almost certainly the brother of Sekhemre–wepma'et Inyotef V (formerly VI) ("the Elder"), who was certainly the son of a king (CB).
[Footnote 9] The proposed identify of her father is based on chronological plausibility and a known association with Edfu.
[Footnote 10]
These kings, and their predecessors back to about 1660 b.C., ruled in Upper Egypt only. There is reason to believe that his principal wife was a queen Sebekemsaf-Haanhkes, king's wife, king's sister and king's daughter. Art–historical and collateral genealogical data place him in this period. Juggling the possibilities, we arrive as this as the most likely step (CB).
[Footnote 11] The theory that Tetisheri married Ta'o I, although of very long standing, is a pure guess, based solely on the facts that Ta'o I was probably Ta'o II's immediate predecessor and that Tetisheri, the daughter of commoners, married a king. The only solid indicator of Ta'o's position is that he was called Ta'o–o, meaning "Ta'o the Elder" (though one respected expert, Claude Vandersleyen, disputes the evidence that he was called Ta'o at all—hypercritically).
By analogy with a slightly earlier king Inyotef "the Elder," who was elder brother of a king Inyotef, Ta'o I was probably brother to Ta'o II. It is a well–documented, if confusing, custom of the period to give many children the same name. But, Teti-sheri did marry a king. Who, we don't know. Here is the best guess (CB).
[Footnote 12] Tetisheri's name ("little Teti") suggests that she was related to a noble family of this period where the name Teti is prominent. Tetihemet, nurse of Queen Ahmes–Nefertari, the queen being Tetisheri's granddaughter, also came from this family. While only fragments of the family's genealogy are traceable, we can trace it from Teti son of Minhotep, an opponent of King Nubkheperre Inyotef. (CB)."
_______end of our quote of the quoted article ,
although the article is much longer than this, so take a look here for the original
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