An interesting inquiry as to the date of publication of my comparison of Sumerian to Indo-European on the basis of Latvian resulted in the following answer:
Searches of this nature can be conducted at the WayBack Machine – the Internet Archive – at
http://www.archive.org/web/web.php
As you can see at that source, at the following link, http://snipurl.com/azhi viz.
http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi37.htm
the materials currently starting at http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi37.htm
were first published on the Internet starting September, 2000.
Be sure to also note the sources for my lists:
The word source for Sumerian: John A. Halloran's Lexicon of Sumerian Logograms at the web domain http://www.sumerian.org and the Latvian-German historical dictionary of Latvian by
Muehlenbachs-Endzelins slowly going online at http://www.ailab.lv/mev/
Tuesday, November 30, 2004
Sunday, November 21, 2004
The Singing Stones of the Aksai - The Carnac of the East? - LexiLine Journal 312
Who thought we would ever be citing Pravda in this day and age? We wish there were a better source.
A 09/01/2004 article in Pravda http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/377/14001_Stonehenge.html misleadingly entitled "Stonehenge on Don" by Galina Shefer (translation by Anna Ossipova) reports that Alexander Ludov has found rows of megaliths in the
European part of Russia in the Aksai river basin. The Aksai is a tributary of the Don River which flows into the Sea of Azov, just northeast of the Black Sea.
Shefer writes (as translated by Ossipova):
The megaliths are located near a burial mound called "Stone" and are dated to 9000 BC - the accuracy of which dating we greatly doubt, although we do not doubt that the megaliths will be quite old.
Ludov uses the proposed dates to opine that the megalithic culture comes from the Don region - whereas we think that the megalith builders were seafarers who came up the Black Sea, the Sea of Asov, and then the Don and Aksai rivers to put up the megalithic structures for geodetic survey by astronomy.
The Aksai megalithic rows pointing East and West point in the West directly to the megalithic rows found at Carnac in France - at the same latitude.
Shefer writes (as translated by Ossipova):
More on Aksai and its relation to Carnac coming.
A 09/01/2004 article in Pravda http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/377/14001_Stonehenge.html misleadingly entitled "Stonehenge on Don" by Galina Shefer (translation by Anna Ossipova) reports that Alexander Ludov has found rows of megaliths in the
European part of Russia in the Aksai river basin. The Aksai is a tributary of the Don River which flows into the Sea of Azov, just northeast of the Black Sea.
Shefer writes (as translated by Ossipova):
"...unlike the famous Stonehenge, this local construction consists of vertically erected massive rocks or megaliths. Long 'Menhir alleys' made of stone stretch directly from East to West."The megaliths are of quartz and as Ludov states "do not conatain traces of limestone or any other kinds of rocks that are commonly found in our steppes."
The megaliths are located near a burial mound called "Stone" and are dated to 9000 BC - the accuracy of which dating we greatly doubt, although we do not doubt that the megaliths will be quite old.
Ludov uses the proposed dates to opine that the megalithic culture comes from the Don region - whereas we think that the megalith builders were seafarers who came up the Black Sea, the Sea of Asov, and then the Don and Aksai rivers to put up the megalithic structures for geodetic survey by astronomy.
The Aksai megalithic rows pointing East and West point in the West directly to the megalithic rows found at Carnac in France - at the same latitude.
Shefer writes (as translated by Ossipova):
"It is also noteworthy to mention that such structures all over the world are made of quartz, a special kind of stone that is capable of radiating ultrasound waves.At the Equinoxes, the Sun marks exactly the directions East and West. Now, if the stones actually also announce the Equinoxes in quartz harmonic song, THAT would be something.
'Scientists were able to determine that during spring and fall equilibrium radiation of the quartz stones tends to activate. As a result, the stones begin to "sing" within the ultrasound range of the changing frequency,' tells Alexander Dmitrievich. 'Perhaps, that is the reason why quartz is used for construction of such sacred shrines."
More on Aksai and its relation to Carnac coming.
Monday, November 8, 2004
Ancient Sites in Latvia - LexiLine Journal 311
Vilnis Grauds, a member of our list, has a website devoted to the traditions of Latvia, including pages on Latvian megaliths, rock drawings and ancient hill forts. The Latvian text on that website alternates in many cases with English text explanations. See
http://tradition.lf.lv/Svetakmeni.htm - megaliths
http://tradition.lf.lv/Allazhu_akmenji.htm - megaliths
http://tradition.lf.lv/Aizkraukles%20akmenji.htm - megaliths
http://tradition.lf.lv/Klintis%20un%20Zimes.htm - rock drawings
http://tradition.lf.lv/Sveetvietas.htm - ancient hill forts
plus, Vilnis has a page by Juris Kaulins on photos of the distant north [AK: not a known relation] including photos of rock drawings from Lappland. See
http://tradition.lf.lv/Ziemelji_J_K.htm
http://tradition.lf.lv/Svetakmeni.htm - megaliths
http://tradition.lf.lv/Allazhu_akmenji.htm - megaliths
http://tradition.lf.lv/Aizkraukles%20akmenji.htm - megaliths
http://tradition.lf.lv/Klintis%20un%20Zimes.htm - rock drawings
http://tradition.lf.lv/Sveetvietas.htm - ancient hill forts
plus, Vilnis has a page by Juris Kaulins on photos of the distant north [AK: not a known relation] including photos of rock drawings from Lappland. See
http://tradition.lf.lv/Ziemelji_J_K.htm
Wednesday, October 27, 2004
Fourknocks is Cassiopeia in Ireland - Megalithic Astronomy - Stars Stones and Scholars - LexiLine Journal 310
One of the reasons that I am convinced that my decipherment of the megaliths is correct derives out of the fact that corroborating subesequent discoveries - or previous discoveries of which I was not aware at the time that I wrote my book, Stars Stones and Scholars, substantiate my conclusions.
We have one such example presented now at Knowth.com
http://www.knowth.com/fourknocks-mdier.htm which reproduces an interpretation by Martin Dier of the megalithic site of Fourknocks - a site not included in my book.
Fourknocks is a site of four mounds - only one excavated - located southeast of NewGrange, the latter site which I have equated with the North Ecliptic Pole in the ancient geodetic survey of Ireland, with Knowth as the North Celestial Pole.
To the southeast of Fourknocks, I identified the sites of Glencullen and Ballyedmonduff in County Dublin with Andromeda, with Glencullen having Cassiopeia marked at its top, i.e. pointing to Cassiopeia.
Any site between NewGrange and Knowth and Glencullen and Ballyedmonduff could then only represent Cassiopeia - and so it is.
Martin Dier writes
http://www.knowth.com/fourknocks-mdier.htm
(see also http://www.mythicalireland.com/ancientsites/fourknocks/
and http://www.irishmegaliths.org.uk/meath.htm and
http://www.countymeath.com/Meath_Towns4.htm)
There is no doubt about this whatsover.
We have one such example presented now at Knowth.com
http://www.knowth.com/fourknocks-mdier.htm which reproduces an interpretation by Martin Dier of the megalithic site of Fourknocks - a site not included in my book.
Fourknocks is a site of four mounds - only one excavated - located southeast of NewGrange, the latter site which I have equated with the North Ecliptic Pole in the ancient geodetic survey of Ireland, with Knowth as the North Celestial Pole.
To the southeast of Fourknocks, I identified the sites of Glencullen and Ballyedmonduff in County Dublin with Andromeda, with Glencullen having Cassiopeia marked at its top, i.e. pointing to Cassiopeia.
Any site between NewGrange and Knowth and Glencullen and Ballyedmonduff could then only represent Cassiopeia - and so it is.
Martin Dier writes
http://www.knowth.com/fourknocks-mdier.htm
(see also http://www.mythicalireland.com/ancientsites/fourknocks/
and http://www.irishmegaliths.org.uk/meath.htm and
http://www.countymeath.com/Meath_Towns4.htm)
"According to Brennan [The Stones of Time: Calendars, Sundials andOf course, if Dier were familiar with the contents of my book, he would not write as above that this is some isolated symbolic item and that Cassiopeia was somehow "singled out" by the ancients. In fact, Fourknocks is an integral part of a large system of geodetic astronomical measure covering all of Ireland and including the stars of the many constellations as they were seen 5000 years ago.
Stone Chambers of Ancient Ireland (1994)], Fourknocks I is aligned
17° east of North, which just eliminates any of the direct lunar or
solar alignments with the passage (but not the chamber). However,
during the stone age the passage was aligned with the helical rising
of the "W" shaped constellation of Cassiopeia.
This constellation is curious in that during the stone age it would
rise above the horizon after sunset, but now because of the
procession of the equinoxes the star no longer rises and is observed
in the sky all year. Perhaps their science allowed them to single out
this constellation during the only time in its 26 thousand year cycle
it rises and sets. It is interesting that most of the art in the
Fourknocks is dominated by the W shaped zig zag.
However, this alignment may largely have been symbolical rather than
practical as the passage was filled by burials during the stone age
hence closing off the chamber."
There is no doubt about this whatsover.
More on Latvian Megalithic Sites by Vilnis Grauds - Velnu Laivas - Velēnas - Milzkalne - Talsi - Lube - Valdemarpils - LexiLine Journal 309
More on Latvian Megalithic Sites
by Vilnis Grauds
So-called "velnu laivas"* are large stone cairns found on the sea coast of Courland, Latvia's most westerly State.
[*LexiLine adds: the root veln- in Latvian means "devil" and so this could be translated as "devil's boats", but the correct root could surely be Latvian velēna "turf, mound grave", so that the original term was in our opinion velēna laivas i.e. "turf boats, mound grave boats".]
The largest of these stone edifices, a 20 meter high cairn (shaped like a boat), as already reported in the previous e-mail, was for the most part torn down in the Soviet period in Latvia by fragmenting the stones. Of this cairn, the foundation - measuring about two meters in
height - has remained. Several smaller cairns still exist untouched.
The Latvian Encyclopedic Dictionary**
velna laivas
writes***
[LexiLine: but do the stone cairns date to that age? or have the cairns been used for urn burials later in time?].
The breadth and height of the stone cairns differs greatly. Archaeological digs have also been made in part with respect to the so-called "offering stones", but the cult hills in Latvia have not been studied separately from those found in neighboring Russia and Belarus [Byelorussia, White Russia], where many archaeological digs have been made, and where many of these sites have been fairly well investigated both archaeologically as well as morphologically, also with respect to geodetic measurement.
If we talk precisely about what has not been investigated in Latvia - at least, if we ignore a few general discussions in the Soviet period in the amateur astronomy journal "Zvaigznota debess" [(The Starry Sky), http://www.astr.lu.lv/zvd/stsky.html] - then these are directly the questions of structure and archaeoastronomy, which have become serious topics worldwide in their own right only in the last few decades.
The late Ivars Viiks (who passed away a few years ago) wrote two books in the post-Soviet period, but his work leans more in the direction of the occult or even beyond that, finding a few confluences of geometric rules, while the greater part of his work consists of the presentation of several occult sources (e.g. ideas about an ancient Nordic global civilization), together with his own ideas about these matters. Looking at Viiks' geometric ideas, there is considerable manipulation by him in order to achieve the desired result, although at the same time, some of his factual materials in these books are useful.
For his part, Enins is an enthusiast, who suddenly became involved with other disciplines through his search for and fixation on cliff rock drawings. The "Dabas retumu kraatuve"
[(Collection of the Rarities of Nature), http://www.gramata21.lv/users/enins_guntis/index.html] is his creation.
Not all of Milzkalne ["Giant Hill"] has been destroyed, but one whole side was removed in the course of taking gravel from this location in the Soviet period.
Wishing all the best,
Vilnis Grauds
by Vilnis Grauds
So-called "velnu laivas"* are large stone cairns found on the sea coast of Courland, Latvia's most westerly State.
[*LexiLine adds: the root veln- in Latvian means "devil" and so this could be translated as "devil's boats", but the correct root could surely be Latvian velēna "turf, mound grave", so that the original term was in our opinion velēna laivas i.e. "turf boats, mound grave boats".]
The largest of these stone edifices, a 20 meter high cairn (shaped like a boat), as already reported in the previous e-mail, was for the most part torn down in the Soviet period in Latvia by fragmenting the stones. Of this cairn, the foundation - measuring about two meters in
height - has remained. Several smaller cairns still exist untouched.
The Latvian Encyclopedic Dictionary**
[**Enciklopediska vardnica, 2 volumes, chief editor A. Vilks, seeunder the entry
also online http://www.letonika.lv/ - a free registration can be
obtained for 7 days, thereafter it costs to subscribe - in its
section on History -> Archaeology (Vesture->Arheologija)]
velna laivas
writes***
"–– senkapi Talsu rajona Lubes pag. un Valdemarpils lauku terit. (950–
750 g. pr. Kr.). Nos. pec laivas forma izveidota akmenu kravuma (gar.
7 –24 m), kura ieraktas mala urnas ar sadedzinatu mirušo pišliem.
Akmens laivveida kapi izplatiti Skandinavija, ipaši Gotlande." ©
Nacionalais Apgads
[***Translation by LexiLine - [mound boats are] ancient tombs in theIf we now talk specifically about the mound boats - then these have been generally investigated by Latvian archaeology - at least to the degree that it is known that they contain cremation urns - often more than one - and that these burials date to the Bronze Age.
district of Talsi, parish (rural municipality or county) of Lube and
the rural area of Valdemarpils (ca. 950-750 B.C.) They take their
name from the boat-shaped form of the stone cairns (measuring
anywhere from 7 to 24 meters in length), in which earthenware urns
containing cremated ashes of the deceased were found. Such boat-
shaped stone formations are found in Scandinavian burials, especially
in Gotland.]"
[LexiLine: but do the stone cairns date to that age? or have the cairns been used for urn burials later in time?].
The breadth and height of the stone cairns differs greatly. Archaeological digs have also been made in part with respect to the so-called "offering stones", but the cult hills in Latvia have not been studied separately from those found in neighboring Russia and Belarus [Byelorussia, White Russia], where many archaeological digs have been made, and where many of these sites have been fairly well investigated both archaeologically as well as morphologically, also with respect to geodetic measurement.
If we talk precisely about what has not been investigated in Latvia - at least, if we ignore a few general discussions in the Soviet period in the amateur astronomy journal "Zvaigznota debess" [(The Starry Sky), http://www.astr.lu.lv/zvd/stsky.html] - then these are directly the questions of structure and archaeoastronomy, which have become serious topics worldwide in their own right only in the last few decades.
The late Ivars Viiks (who passed away a few years ago) wrote two books in the post-Soviet period, but his work leans more in the direction of the occult or even beyond that, finding a few confluences of geometric rules, while the greater part of his work consists of the presentation of several occult sources (e.g. ideas about an ancient Nordic global civilization), together with his own ideas about these matters. Looking at Viiks' geometric ideas, there is considerable manipulation by him in order to achieve the desired result, although at the same time, some of his factual materials in these books are useful.
For his part, Enins is an enthusiast, who suddenly became involved with other disciplines through his search for and fixation on cliff rock drawings. The "Dabas retumu kraatuve"
[(Collection of the Rarities of Nature), http://www.gramata21.lv/users/enins_guntis/index.html] is his creation.
Not all of Milzkalne ["Giant Hill"] has been destroyed, but one whole side was removed in the course of taking gravel from this location in the Soviet period.
Wishing all the best,
Vilnis Grauds
Monday, October 25, 2004
Megalithic Sites in Latvia by Vilnis Grauds - LexiLine Journal 308
Megalithic Sites in Latvia
- by Vilnis Grauds
In Latvia churches were often built on old holy sites, for example, Rauna, Aizkraukle, Aglona, etc. Ancient megalithic stones may have been used to build church buildings and castles. Since the Latvians tried to maintain their old traditions after the advent of Christianity, the Christian clergy tried to stop this process by destroying cult places if they could not be used for the building of churches.
Some sites were destroyed in the Soviet period, even though there was a formal pretense of saving ancient sites for purposes of political propaganda. A case in point is a 20 meter high cairn (shaped like a boat) on the Baltic Sea shore in Courland which was destroyed by taking the stones for building construction. Also damaged was the site of Milzkalne ("Giant Hill") in Courland.
The result is that today we can find mostly only separate megaliths in Latvia - as landmark stones and as so-called "offering stones". Although the majority of megalithic sites have been destroyed or damaged, we can still find remnants of stone systems in some places in Latvia. These megalithic sites are not always registered as historical or archaeological sites even today.
For example, of the Allazhi stones http://tradition.lf.lv/Allazhu_akmenji.htm only one of these stones is officially recorded as an archaeological site - the "Chernausku akmens" ("Chernauskas Stone"), an offering stone. Nothing has been examined or investigated from the scientific side, even though an initial on-site examination or a review of maps shows that there is a geodetic structure to the ancient holy sites.
We might refer here to Zilaiskalns ("Blue Hill") or to many pre-Christian sites where rock drawings and paintings are found relating to the ancient religion of the Latvians. The naturalist Guntis Enins was the first to pay serious attention to these megalithic sites. See his website at
[http://www.gramata21.lv/users/enins_guntis/]
- by Vilnis Grauds
In Latvia churches were often built on old holy sites, for example, Rauna, Aizkraukle, Aglona, etc. Ancient megalithic stones may have been used to build church buildings and castles. Since the Latvians tried to maintain their old traditions after the advent of Christianity, the Christian clergy tried to stop this process by destroying cult places if they could not be used for the building of churches.
Some sites were destroyed in the Soviet period, even though there was a formal pretense of saving ancient sites for purposes of political propaganda. A case in point is a 20 meter high cairn (shaped like a boat) on the Baltic Sea shore in Courland which was destroyed by taking the stones for building construction. Also damaged was the site of Milzkalne ("Giant Hill") in Courland.
The result is that today we can find mostly only separate megaliths in Latvia - as landmark stones and as so-called "offering stones". Although the majority of megalithic sites have been destroyed or damaged, we can still find remnants of stone systems in some places in Latvia. These megalithic sites are not always registered as historical or archaeological sites even today.
For example, of the Allazhi stones http://tradition.lf.lv/Allazhu_akmenji.htm only one of these stones is officially recorded as an archaeological site - the "Chernausku akmens" ("Chernauskas Stone"), an offering stone. Nothing has been examined or investigated from the scientific side, even though an initial on-site examination or a review of maps shows that there is a geodetic structure to the ancient holy sites.
We might refer here to Zilaiskalns ("Blue Hill") or to many pre-Christian sites where rock drawings and paintings are found relating to the ancient religion of the Latvians. The naturalist Guntis Enins was the first to pay serious attention to these megalithic sites. See his website at
[http://www.gramata21.lv/users/enins_guntis/]
Wednesday, October 20, 2004
Megaliths in Latvia - Pokainu Mežs - Davinu Upurakmens - Kolkas Rags - LexiLine Journal 307
Vilnis Grauds sent me the following link about megaliths in Latvia where the stones are known as "foot stones" or "border stones". The site is in Latvian but the photographs do not require much language. See http://tradition.lf.lv/Allazhu_akmenji.htm
Grauds was interested as to whether I had done any work on the Latvian megaliths and I have, but I had not posted it up to now since it is all provisional - I simply do not have enough photographs or locational material. Nevetheless, I am uploading a general - provisional - decipherment as latvianmegaliths.png [the graphic below]
to our Lexiline files for the "Baltic - Latvia Lithuania Estonia" at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/
in which we already have the file for the Davinu Upurakmens
davinuupurakmens.gif (here as davinuupurakmens.png)
Grauds was interested as to whether I had done any work on the Latvian megaliths and I have, but I had not posted it up to now since it is all provisional - I simply do not have enough photographs or locational material. Nevetheless, I am uploading a general - provisional - decipherment as latvianmegaliths.png [the graphic below]
to our Lexiline files for the "Baltic - Latvia Lithuania Estonia" at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/
in which we already have the file for the Davinu Upurakmens
davinuupurakmens.gif (here as davinuupurakmens.png)
Tuesday, October 19, 2004
A Reader Brightens Our Day - LexiLine Journal 306
Posting pages of ideas to the internet has its good and bad sides. I get a lot of crank mail, often anonymous and some of it from cowardly mainstreamers too afraid to discuss controversial issues openly and objectively.
Here is a wonderful example of the good side of people which surfaces in emails such as this which I received today:
>Hello!
>I want to say 'Wow!" and thank you, for the Lexiline site. I was up
>far too early this morning, discovered your site & have read avidly
>for 3 hours! It certainly put some sunshine in this grey, cold
>British morning!
>All the best
Here is a person who has taken my postings as they should be taken.
As interesting ideas worth reading and thinking about.
Here is a wonderful example of the good side of people which surfaces in emails such as this which I received today:
>Hello!
>I want to say 'Wow!" and thank you, for the Lexiline site. I was up
>far too early this morning, discovered your site & have read avidly
>for 3 hours! It certainly put some sunshine in this grey, cold
>British morning!
>All the best
Here is a person who has taken my postings as they should be taken.
As interesting ideas worth reading and thinking about.
Monday, October 18, 2004
The Sharia - Ancient Mapping - The Territorial Imperative - LexiLine Journal 305
My LawPundit blog has a posting on Ancient Mapping at
http://snipurl.com/9us6
which I reproduce below without the links - which you can view at the blog if need be.
____________________
Sometimes the book reviews are better than the books. The referenced book reviews may be examples of this phenomenon.
BookBlog is
"Adina Levin's weblog. For conversation about books I've been reading, social software, and other stuff too."
Adina has some excellently written book reviews on the BookBlog:
What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response
a book by Bernard Lewis
Adina writes e.g.:
"Contemporary Sharia systems in places like Iran and Afghanistan are often mocked for being medieval and backward, legislating repression of women and brutal corporal punishment (no, I'm not in favor of the Texas death penalty, either). But there is no empirical reason that a system of Muslim jurisprudence needs to be backward. After all, European laws once featured trial by ordeal, and prevented women from owning property. A living tradition of Muslim law might be able to adapt to current economic and social conditions. How did the Sharia change from a system that had once reflected the standards of justice of its time to one that insisted on avoiding change?"
Those are essentially interesting and modern jurisprudential issues.
The Mapmakers
a book by John Noble Wilford
This book and review are of particular interest to the Law Pundit because of his own book
Stars Stones and Scholars
which claims that the megaliths are remnants of ancient surveys, i.e. that they are Stone Age geodetic mapping systems triangulated by means of the astronomy, using stars much as in ocean navigation.
Adina writes, inter alia:
"The Mapmakers purports to be world history, but it has a strong European focus. Wilford does include few pages about sophisticated early mapmaking practices in China. But he almost completely ignores Muslim and Indian geography. The book contains just one brief reference to ibn Khaldun, the medieval Muslim traveler and geographer, and nothing on Al Idrisi, who was commissioned by Roger II, the Christian king of Sicily, to update navigational records, and created the famous early atlas called "The Book of Roger." The Mapmakers briefly mentions that one Francis Wilford, a member of India Survey, was a student of ancient Hindu geography. Given early Indian sophistication in astronomy, math, and government administration, one wonders what earlier sources of geographic knowledge he drew on. According to an Indian friend of mine, many early maps were destroyed to keep them out of the hands of British colonial rulers.
Wilford writes about the dire level of geographic ignorance of Medieval Europeans, whose maps routinely placed Paradise at the Eastern border of China, without noting that during the same period, there was a longstanding, ongoing system of travel and trade from Arabia through India and Southeast Asia to China (see books by Abu Lughod and KN Chaudhuri, among others), conducted by Arabs, Jews, Indians, and sometimes Chinese. I don't know what sorts of maps were used by these travelling merchants, but they must have used something, because they got from place to place regularly and routinely."
Law and Territory
What is the connection between law and mapping? Of course, it is a significant one. All knowledge of ancient cultures indicates that the old civilizations had "territories" and "lands" and that these were marked - and thus obviously, mapped - in some manner, giving rise to "territorial" consequences involving retribution - i.e. sanctions for violating territory - which is a "legal" connection.
Without the mapping of land, law would be impossible. The Territorial Imperative (a book by Robert Ardrey) is at the foundation of jurisprudence. This indeed is the main dispute in the current war in Iraq - does America have a "right" to be there or not? The underlying answer - on both sides - is based, essentially, on territorial claims - defending "land" and "national security".
Territorial claims have a long history. Let us take the case of Ancient Babylon, here described in a site on the History of Iraq:
"Babylonian town life had revived on the basis of commerce and handicrafts. The Kassitic nobility, however, maintained the upper hand in the rural areas, their wealthiest representatives holding very large landed estates. Many of these holdings came from donations of the king to deserving officers and civil servants, considerable privileges being connected with such grants. From the time of Kurigalzu II these were registered on stone tablets or, more frequently, on boundary stones called kudurrus. After 1200 the number of these increased substantially, because the kings needed a steadily growing retinue of loyal followers. The boundary stones had pictures in bas-relief, very often a multitude of religious symbols, and frequently contained detailed inscriptions giving the borders of the particular estate; sometimes the deserts of the recipient were listed and his privileges recorded; finally, trespassers were threatened with the most terrifying curses. Agriculture and cattle husbandry were the main pursuits on these estates, and horses were raised for the light war chariots of the cavalry. There was an export trade in horses and vehicles in exchange for raw material. As for the king, the idea of the social-minded ruler continued to be valid."
The New York Review of Books has an inane review of Ardrey's book as compared to the more benevolent and naive theories of Konrad Lorenz, and, in view of recent world developments, there is little doubt that Ardrey is more right than Lorenz.
Indeed, keywords such as intellectual property, copyrights, trademarks, P2P and file-sharing involve modern outgrowths of the territorial imperative.
Our ancient forbears understood the territorial imperative only too well - since their survival depended upon it - and thus staked out their territories long before the advent of reading and writing. To stake out territories, you had to have some way of mapping them and some way of protecting those territories - by legal and military systems. About this there is little doubt.
And as the modern wars show us, little has changed in the interim. The battle for territory on this planet is still a bloody business.
http://snipurl.com/9us6
which I reproduce below without the links - which you can view at the blog if need be.
____________________
Sometimes the book reviews are better than the books. The referenced book reviews may be examples of this phenomenon.
BookBlog is
"Adina Levin's weblog. For conversation about books I've been reading, social software, and other stuff too."
Adina has some excellently written book reviews on the BookBlog:
What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response
a book by Bernard Lewis
Adina writes e.g.:
"Contemporary Sharia systems in places like Iran and Afghanistan are often mocked for being medieval and backward, legislating repression of women and brutal corporal punishment (no, I'm not in favor of the Texas death penalty, either). But there is no empirical reason that a system of Muslim jurisprudence needs to be backward. After all, European laws once featured trial by ordeal, and prevented women from owning property. A living tradition of Muslim law might be able to adapt to current economic and social conditions. How did the Sharia change from a system that had once reflected the standards of justice of its time to one that insisted on avoiding change?"
Those are essentially interesting and modern jurisprudential issues.
The Mapmakers
a book by John Noble Wilford
This book and review are of particular interest to the Law Pundit because of his own book
Stars Stones and Scholars
which claims that the megaliths are remnants of ancient surveys, i.e. that they are Stone Age geodetic mapping systems triangulated by means of the astronomy, using stars much as in ocean navigation.
Adina writes, inter alia:
"The Mapmakers purports to be world history, but it has a strong European focus. Wilford does include few pages about sophisticated early mapmaking practices in China. But he almost completely ignores Muslim and Indian geography. The book contains just one brief reference to ibn Khaldun, the medieval Muslim traveler and geographer, and nothing on Al Idrisi, who was commissioned by Roger II, the Christian king of Sicily, to update navigational records, and created the famous early atlas called "The Book of Roger." The Mapmakers briefly mentions that one Francis Wilford, a member of India Survey, was a student of ancient Hindu geography. Given early Indian sophistication in astronomy, math, and government administration, one wonders what earlier sources of geographic knowledge he drew on. According to an Indian friend of mine, many early maps were destroyed to keep them out of the hands of British colonial rulers.
Wilford writes about the dire level of geographic ignorance of Medieval Europeans, whose maps routinely placed Paradise at the Eastern border of China, without noting that during the same period, there was a longstanding, ongoing system of travel and trade from Arabia through India and Southeast Asia to China (see books by Abu Lughod and KN Chaudhuri, among others), conducted by Arabs, Jews, Indians, and sometimes Chinese. I don't know what sorts of maps were used by these travelling merchants, but they must have used something, because they got from place to place regularly and routinely."
Law and Territory
What is the connection between law and mapping? Of course, it is a significant one. All knowledge of ancient cultures indicates that the old civilizations had "territories" and "lands" and that these were marked - and thus obviously, mapped - in some manner, giving rise to "territorial" consequences involving retribution - i.e. sanctions for violating territory - which is a "legal" connection.
Without the mapping of land, law would be impossible. The Territorial Imperative (a book by Robert Ardrey) is at the foundation of jurisprudence. This indeed is the main dispute in the current war in Iraq - does America have a "right" to be there or not? The underlying answer - on both sides - is based, essentially, on territorial claims - defending "land" and "national security".
Territorial claims have a long history. Let us take the case of Ancient Babylon, here described in a site on the History of Iraq:
"Babylonian town life had revived on the basis of commerce and handicrafts. The Kassitic nobility, however, maintained the upper hand in the rural areas, their wealthiest representatives holding very large landed estates. Many of these holdings came from donations of the king to deserving officers and civil servants, considerable privileges being connected with such grants. From the time of Kurigalzu II these were registered on stone tablets or, more frequently, on boundary stones called kudurrus. After 1200 the number of these increased substantially, because the kings needed a steadily growing retinue of loyal followers. The boundary stones had pictures in bas-relief, very often a multitude of religious symbols, and frequently contained detailed inscriptions giving the borders of the particular estate; sometimes the deserts of the recipient were listed and his privileges recorded; finally, trespassers were threatened with the most terrifying curses. Agriculture and cattle husbandry were the main pursuits on these estates, and horses were raised for the light war chariots of the cavalry. There was an export trade in horses and vehicles in exchange for raw material. As for the king, the idea of the social-minded ruler continued to be valid."
The New York Review of Books has an inane review of Ardrey's book as compared to the more benevolent and naive theories of Konrad Lorenz, and, in view of recent world developments, there is little doubt that Ardrey is more right than Lorenz.
Indeed, keywords such as intellectual property, copyrights, trademarks, P2P and file-sharing involve modern outgrowths of the territorial imperative.
Our ancient forbears understood the territorial imperative only too well - since their survival depended upon it - and thus staked out their territories long before the advent of reading and writing. To stake out territories, you had to have some way of mapping them and some way of protecting those territories - by legal and military systems. About this there is little doubt.
And as the modern wars show us, little has changed in the interim. The battle for territory on this planet is still a bloody business.
Tuesday, September 28, 2004
Abakan Khakassia Russia Siberia Megaliths - Archaeoastronomy - Valley of Kurgans - Li Kitai - LexiLine Journal 304
To our LexiLine files under Russia at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files
I have added the file abakan.png [the graphic below] which contains my astronomical decipherment of two megaliths near Abakan, Russia.
The megaliths of Abakan, Khakassia, Russia are located outside of Abakan in southern Siberia
above western Mongolia, halfway between Moscow and Vladivostok. Specifically, the so-called "Valley of Kurgans" or "Valley of Kings" is located 60 km west of Abakan.
As we can read at http://www.fact-index.com/a/ab/abakan.html
Kit or Kitai is a Russian word meaning a group of stakes or stones.
As noted at http://www.bartleby.com/65/qi/Qitai.html, there is also a town and oasis Qitai (Kitai) in China in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in the Dzungarian basin.
We are reminded here of the similarly named city Quito in Ecuador: "the present-day site of Quito was inhabited by the Quitus, a tribe from the Quechua civilization.... called the Kingdom of Quito in the Pre-Hispanic period, buildings in this ancient city were made of carved stone and sun-dried brick. Later, Spanish architects incorporated the same materials into their grandiose constructions."
The Quechua were of course the megalith builders of the Americas and we are certain that the Quitus and the Li Kitai were related peoples.
The decipherment that I have uploaded to our files is still provisional, however, since I do not have enough corroborating material from the Abakan site.
I have examined the photo of the megaliths at http://www.kiravan.com depicting the gate to the Valley of the Kurgans and find that there are figures carved on the megaliths together with cupmarks.
The cupmarks on the left smaller megalith would appear to mark Ursa Major. That same megalith has other figures carved on to, including a human face at Ursa Major and an animal face to the right of Ursa Major. To the left of the human face at Ursa Major there seems to be
a large round area marking the North Celestial Pole.
The right larger megalith would seem to mark Camelopardalis viz. Perseus on the other side of the heavenly gate, a gate known as the duat to the ancient Pharaonic Egyptians.
Again, these identifications are provisional and need corroboration down the road.
We wonder whether the name of Abakan or earlier Abakansk derives from the nearby Abakan River and whether that name relates to the Akkadian term Akann or Chinese termn Kwan, names applied to Ursa Major in ancient days.
I have added the file abakan.png [the graphic below] which contains my astronomical decipherment of two megaliths near Abakan, Russia.
The megaliths of Abakan, Khakassia, Russia are located outside of Abakan in southern Siberia
above western Mongolia, halfway between Moscow and Vladivostok. Specifically, the so-called "Valley of Kurgans" or "Valley of Kings" is located 60 km west of Abakan.
As we can read at http://www.fact-index.com/a/ab/abakan.html
"Abakan (formerly Abakansk) is the capital of Khakassia in Siberia, Russia. It is located on the river Yenisei, 144 m. SSW of Krasnoyarsk, in lat. 54 deg. 20' N., long. 91 deg. 40' E.... Abakansk was a fortified town of Siberia, in the Russian governmentWho were the Li Kitai?
of Yeniseisk. It was considered the mildest and most salubrious place in Siberia.
The place is remarkable for certain tumuli (of the Li Kitai) and statues of men from seven to nine feet high, covered with hieroglyphics."
Kit or Kitai is a Russian word meaning a group of stakes or stones.
As noted at http://www.bartleby.com/65/qi/Qitai.html, there is also a town and oasis Qitai (Kitai) in China in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in the Dzungarian basin.
We are reminded here of the similarly named city Quito in Ecuador: "the present-day site of Quito was inhabited by the Quitus, a tribe from the Quechua civilization.... called the Kingdom of Quito in the Pre-Hispanic period, buildings in this ancient city were made of carved stone and sun-dried brick. Later, Spanish architects incorporated the same materials into their grandiose constructions."
The Quechua were of course the megalith builders of the Americas and we are certain that the Quitus and the Li Kitai were related peoples.
The decipherment that I have uploaded to our files is still provisional, however, since I do not have enough corroborating material from the Abakan site.
I have examined the photo of the megaliths at http://www.kiravan.com depicting the gate to the Valley of the Kurgans and find that there are figures carved on the megaliths together with cupmarks.
The cupmarks on the left smaller megalith would appear to mark Ursa Major. That same megalith has other figures carved on to, including a human face at Ursa Major and an animal face to the right of Ursa Major. To the left of the human face at Ursa Major there seems to be
a large round area marking the North Celestial Pole.
The right larger megalith would seem to mark Camelopardalis viz. Perseus on the other side of the heavenly gate, a gate known as the duat to the ancient Pharaonic Egyptians.
Again, these identifications are provisional and need corroboration down the road.
We wonder whether the name of Abakan or earlier Abakansk derives from the nearby Abakan River and whether that name relates to the Akkadian term Akann or Chinese termn Kwan, names applied to Ursa Major in ancient days.
Wednesday, September 22, 2004
Vottovaara Serpent Dolmen Karelia - White Sea Russia - Seidas - The Karelian Dolmens - The Pomorians - Ancient Seafarers - Kem - LexiLine Journal 302
Vyacheslav Mizin has drawn my attention to the following page at his website
http://perpettum.narod.ru/arcticmegalith.htm, where he has a photo of an important dolmen at Vottovaara - a dolmen I have labelled "the Vottovaara Serpent Dolmen".
VOTTOVARRA SERPENT DOLMEN - DECIPHERMENT
See my drawing of this stone, together with explanation at vottovaara.gif
[the graphic below is vottovaara.png]
which I have added to our LexiLine files online under Russia, Karelia at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files
The stone was without question carved by human hand.
The dolmen in my opinion represents the stars of the heavens.
The serpent represents the stars of Hydra in my current interpretation of this megalith and marks the Summer Solstice. This identification is clear.
I interpret the rest of the dolmen for now - but speculatively - as showing a man's (or monkey's) head at Gemini and Orion (with the stars of Canis Major below them) - marking the Vernal Equinox to the right. In Vedic literature, the monkey Hanuman has this position.
At the left, I see Libra as a bull (the bull is later assigned to the stars of Lupus) - marking the Autumn Equinox. I imagine the horns were seen as Libra and the body was seen as Lupus.
This interpretation puts the age of these megaliths at about 3117 BC or earlier.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION on the Karelian Dolmens at Vottovaara
Dolmens in Karelia are known as "Seidas", a Lapp word for them, although it is quite clear that the Lapps (or Saami) had nothing to do with making these seida complexes, their culture indicating no megalithic roots. Seidas is the same as Latvian Setas (long e) meaning fences, but also borders, or marked areas. We see a related term in the megaliths of Ireland at "Ceide" Fields.
Seida complexes are found on Mount Vottovaara in the national park of Paanajarvi in the Kuzova Islands in the White Sea, see http://argonavt.narod.ru/kuzova.html.
For their exact location see http://argonavt.narod.ru/kem-sol.jpg. Vottovaara is ca. 20 km east of the city of Kem in Karelia. See http://www.kareliatour.info/eng/region/division/Kemskiy/
The seidas at Vottovaara are the largest such gathering of dolmens in the Russian north.
The dolmens have been ascribed to the Lapps, but this of course is nonsense. The Lapps are herdsmen, whereas the peoples who put up the megaliths were clearly seafarers.
WHO WERE THE POMORIANS?
The local population of the nearby city Kem consists largely of a group of people called Pomorians who are thought to have formed their culture fairly recently on the coast of the White Sea, e.g. in the ancient villages of Gridino and Kalgalaksha.
See http://www.kareliatour.info/eng/region/division/Kemskiy/
It is of course error to think the Pomorians are of recent origin, as linguistic analysis shows us a contrary picture.
As written at
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4280/obrazcy/eng_peredovaja.htm
Thus, as written at that same previous website:
It is clear that the Pomorians were seafarers. There is reference to the "ships of Pomorians" at
http://www.volodia.com/eng_about_act.htm
At http://www.angelfire.com/country/veneti/ToulaevAncestors.html it
is written:
http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/gek/kalender/20040708.21357.html
is seen as the combination of the words Po morje as in German üb-ers Meer
meaning "on the ocean", i.e. those who travel by boat on the sea.
Indeed, on the Baltic, according to http://www.fact-index.com/p/po/pomerania.html
we find concerning Pomerania that:
As for the term Karelia, the Latvian term Karālis (long 2nd "a") means "king".
Have we found here in Karelia - on the White Sea - the most ancient origin of the megalith builders and their art, as I have already suggested in previous decipherments of the rock drawings on the White Sea?
http://perpettum.narod.ru/arcticmegalith.htm, where he has a photo of an important dolmen at Vottovaara - a dolmen I have labelled "the Vottovaara Serpent Dolmen".
VOTTOVARRA SERPENT DOLMEN - DECIPHERMENT
See my drawing of this stone, together with explanation at vottovaara.gif
[the graphic below is vottovaara.png]
which I have added to our LexiLine files online under Russia, Karelia at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files
The stone was without question carved by human hand.
The dolmen in my opinion represents the stars of the heavens.
The serpent represents the stars of Hydra in my current interpretation of this megalith and marks the Summer Solstice. This identification is clear.
I interpret the rest of the dolmen for now - but speculatively - as showing a man's (or monkey's) head at Gemini and Orion (with the stars of Canis Major below them) - marking the Vernal Equinox to the right. In Vedic literature, the monkey Hanuman has this position.
At the left, I see Libra as a bull (the bull is later assigned to the stars of Lupus) - marking the Autumn Equinox. I imagine the horns were seen as Libra and the body was seen as Lupus.
This interpretation puts the age of these megaliths at about 3117 BC or earlier.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION on the Karelian Dolmens at Vottovaara
Dolmens in Karelia are known as "Seidas", a Lapp word for them, although it is quite clear that the Lapps (or Saami) had nothing to do with making these seida complexes, their culture indicating no megalithic roots. Seidas is the same as Latvian Setas (long e) meaning fences, but also borders, or marked areas. We see a related term in the megaliths of Ireland at "Ceide" Fields.
Seida complexes are found on Mount Vottovaara in the national park of Paanajarvi in the Kuzova Islands in the White Sea, see http://argonavt.narod.ru/kuzova.html.
For their exact location see http://argonavt.narod.ru/kem-sol.jpg. Vottovaara is ca. 20 km east of the city of Kem in Karelia. See http://www.kareliatour.info/eng/region/division/Kemskiy/
The seidas at Vottovaara are the largest such gathering of dolmens in the Russian north.
The dolmens have been ascribed to the Lapps, but this of course is nonsense. The Lapps are herdsmen, whereas the peoples who put up the megaliths were clearly seafarers.
WHO WERE THE POMORIANS?
The local population of the nearby city Kem consists largely of a group of people called Pomorians who are thought to have formed their culture fairly recently on the coast of the White Sea, e.g. in the ancient villages of Gridino and Kalgalaksha.
See http://www.kareliatour.info/eng/region/division/Kemskiy/
It is of course error to think the Pomorians are of recent origin, as linguistic analysis shows us a contrary picture.
As written at
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4280/obrazcy/eng_peredovaja.htm
"The long-standing coexistence of Russian and Balto-Finnic inhabitants resulted in the formation of the peculiar North Russian dialect of Zaonezh'e (a peninsula in the north-western part of Lake Onego), characterized by specific features such as ljapan'e (systematic shift of the word stress to the first syllable or preposition)."But of course, as Latvian shows us, where all words are stressed on the first syllable, this indicates that the original language was also stressed on the first syllable and that loan words from the Russian have been adapted to this first-syllable stress system.
Thus, as written at that same previous website:
"Even though contemporary villagers in Gridino stress that they are 'Russian Pomors', many features of the local dialect give evidence of a Balto-Finnic substratum or, at least, existence of close ties with the Karelians."POMORIANS WERE SEAFARERS
It is clear that the Pomorians were seafarers. There is reference to the "ships of Pomorians" at
http://www.volodia.com/eng_about_act.htm
At http://www.angelfire.com/country/veneti/ToulaevAncestors.html it
is written:
"X - XII c. The Venetic civilization also developed on the southern coast of the Baltic inhabited by Pomors (Pomerans) [Pomeranians], Varii and Rugi. There appeared large religious centers (Arkona, Rhetra) and flourishing trade towns such as Volin (Vinetta) Stargrad, Szczecin. The whole region became known as Vindland."And, similarly at http://www.fact-index.com/p/po/pomeranians.html we can read:
"Pomeranians are a group of ... tribes living in historical region ofIndeed, the origin of the term Pomeranian or Pomorian as we can read at
Pomerania. They used to speak dialects belonging to Lekhitic branch
of West Slavic languages. Their direct descendants are Kashubians."
http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/gek/kalender/20040708.21357.html
is seen as the combination of the words Po morje as in German üb-ers Meer
meaning "on the ocean", i.e. those who travel by boat on the sea.
Indeed, on the Baltic, according to http://www.fact-index.com/p/po/pomerania.html
we find concerning Pomerania that:
"Pomerania (Pomeranian/Kashubian: Pòmòrze, Polish: Pomorze,There is thus is strong evidence here that the megalith builders were ancient seafarers with an ancient presence both on the White Sea and Baltic Sea (in Latvian, the latter term "Baltic Sea" means in fact "White Sea" and Balt means "white").
German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania, Pomorania,) is the historical region on
the south coasts of the Baltic Sea centered around the mouth of River
Oder on the present-day border between Poland and Germany, reaching
from River Reknitz in the west to River Vistula in the east."
As for the term Karelia, the Latvian term Karālis (long 2nd "a") means "king".
Have we found here in Karelia - on the White Sea - the most ancient origin of the megalith builders and their art, as I have already suggested in previous decipherments of the rock drawings on the White Sea?
Monday, September 13, 2004
The German Loreley Cliff - Coma Berenices - LexiLine Journal 301
[The decipherment below shows the Loreley from the right side, looking down river on the Rhine. This past year (2009 in September) I was able to make a splendid photograph onsite, which is quite spectactular for its megalithic results. See our update to this file showing the frontal profile at: The German Tale of the Loreley is "Megalithically True".]
To our LexiLine files at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Germany/ I have added the file loreley.png [the graphic below]
It is a decipherment of the [right side of the] world famed Loreley (Lorelei) Cliff,
showing that this famous cliff, around which many ancient legends circulate, was carved in the Neolithic Period (Stone Age), having one large head of a woman with long hair (Loreley) carved on it (surely using much of the stone as natural formation) as well as several male heads (who seem to be the fishermen of Loreley legend caught in the stone) and a bird (Corvus, below Coma Berenices).
Coma Berenices was known as the "locks of hair" in ancient days. Eratosthenes called these stars "Ariadne's Hair". Although mainstream historians of astronomy cluelessly scratch their heads about the importance assigned to Coma Berenices in ancient days, Coma Berenices is in fact important because its stars mark the North Galactic Pole - which the ancients clearly recognized.
Legend states that the Loreley is found below "the seven maidens" and indeed, Coma Berenices is composed of seven main stars (see Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 1 70, quoting Thompson, who quotes Hygin), although the seven stars could also be those of Ursa Major.
I was able to decipher the Loreley Cliff because of an excellent Associated Press (AP) photo of the Loreley found this weekend in the local newspaper, Trierischer Volksfreund (Nr. 213, September 11/12, 2004), reporting in two articles by Wolfgang Kroener and Rüdiger Polster on two Loreley exhibitions now being held in Koblenz and Bingen, Germany.
The sculpted heads of the Loreley Cliff are clearly seen upon that AP photo.
This identification of the Loreley as Coma Berenices fits in perfectly with the other megalithic German sites identified in my book, Stars, Stones and Scholars.
See Stars Stones and Scholars.
To our LexiLine files at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Germany/ I have added the file loreley.png [the graphic below]
It is a decipherment of the [right side of the] world famed Loreley (Lorelei) Cliff,
showing that this famous cliff, around which many ancient legends circulate, was carved in the Neolithic Period (Stone Age), having one large head of a woman with long hair (Loreley) carved on it (surely using much of the stone as natural formation) as well as several male heads (who seem to be the fishermen of Loreley legend caught in the stone) and a bird (Corvus, below Coma Berenices).
Coma Berenices was known as the "locks of hair" in ancient days. Eratosthenes called these stars "Ariadne's Hair". Although mainstream historians of astronomy cluelessly scratch their heads about the importance assigned to Coma Berenices in ancient days, Coma Berenices is in fact important because its stars mark the North Galactic Pole - which the ancients clearly recognized.
Legend states that the Loreley is found below "the seven maidens" and indeed, Coma Berenices is composed of seven main stars (see Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 1 70, quoting Thompson, who quotes Hygin), although the seven stars could also be those of Ursa Major.
I was able to decipher the Loreley Cliff because of an excellent Associated Press (AP) photo of the Loreley found this weekend in the local newspaper, Trierischer Volksfreund (Nr. 213, September 11/12, 2004), reporting in two articles by Wolfgang Kroener and Rüdiger Polster on two Loreley exhibitions now being held in Koblenz and Bingen, Germany.
The sculpted heads of the Loreley Cliff are clearly seen upon that AP photo.
This identification of the Loreley as Coma Berenices fits in perfectly with the other megalithic German sites identified in my book, Stars, Stones and Scholars.
See Stars Stones and Scholars.
Friday, September 3, 2004
Member Feedback - Michele Karpontinis - LexiLine Journal 300
Greetings Andis,
I just wanted to say Thank You for not deleting me, although I choose to read all the newsletters every month or so, I still enjoy what you do! I really enjoy reading up on newly discovered anything. There have been times that I wanted to share some other news that I have read that I think would be of interest to your readers but, just haven't ever tried to add anything, just a quiet reader.
Thank you also, for not letting just anyone post, as I read in one of your other newsletters, it was getting quite annoying to pick and choose which ones to open, I appreciate you choosing what would be of interest to your readers, so far so good. May your work be continually blessed by our Great Creator, Keep up the Good work!
A Friend of Lexiline,
Michele Karpontinis
I just wanted to say Thank You for not deleting me, although I choose to read all the newsletters every month or so, I still enjoy what you do! I really enjoy reading up on newly discovered anything. There have been times that I wanted to share some other news that I have read that I think would be of interest to your readers but, just haven't ever tried to add anything, just a quiet reader.
Thank you also, for not letting just anyone post, as I read in one of your other newsletters, it was getting quite annoying to pick and choose which ones to open, I appreciate you choosing what would be of interest to your readers, so far so good. May your work be continually blessed by our Great Creator, Keep up the Good work!
A Friend of Lexiline,
Michele Karpontinis
Monday, August 30, 2004
Neanderthals in Northern Europe and the False Dating of Skulls and Skeletons - LexiLine Journal 299
As reported in the Telegraph by Tony Paterson in Berlin in the August 22, 2004 article
Neanderthal Man 'never walked in northern Europe', the entire dating and modern view of the Stone Age will have to be rewritten due to erroneous dating of skeletons and skulls in Germany.
The dating of many of these ancient skulls and skeletons has recently been checked by the Oxford University carbon dating laboratory and found to be greatly in error. For example, the skeletons at Hahnofersand, near Hamburg, thought up to now to be 36,000 years old are only about 7,500 years old. Other examples are given in the article.
Here again we have evidence that blind - non-critical - adherence to the established chronology and history of mainstream science is just simple idiocy.
Neanderthal Man 'never walked in northern Europe', the entire dating and modern view of the Stone Age will have to be rewritten due to erroneous dating of skeletons and skulls in Germany.
The dating of many of these ancient skulls and skeletons has recently been checked by the Oxford University carbon dating laboratory and found to be greatly in error. For example, the skeletons at Hahnofersand, near Hamburg, thought up to now to be 36,000 years old are only about 7,500 years old. Other examples are given in the article.
Here again we have evidence that blind - non-critical - adherence to the established chronology and history of mainstream science is just simple idiocy.
Sunday, August 29, 2004
History of Israel - David and Solomon - LexiLine Journal 298
In an August 13, 2004 Forward Newspaper Online article at http://www.forward.com/articles/5132/ by David Hazony entitled "Digging Up the Bible", the head of the Tel Aviv University school of archaeology, Israel Finkelstein, is quoted as saying that King David and King Solomon were not kings at all but only poor hill-country chieftains and that the fabled Jerusalem was a poor village. With historical academic incompetents like this in their midst, Israel needs no enemies.
As can be read in the pages of Lexiline,
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi300.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi195.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi46.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi56.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi63.htm
King David was Sethos I of Egypt and King Solomon was Ramses II.
What Finkelstein is quoted as saying is pure nonsense - a theory based on nothing.
As can be read in the pages of Lexiline,
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi300.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi195.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi46.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi56.htm
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi63.htm
King David was Sethos I of Egypt and King Solomon was Ramses II.
What Finkelstein is quoted as saying is pure nonsense - a theory based on nothing.
Tuesday, August 10, 2004
Jordan Tall Al-Umayri Megaliths Deciphered as Astronomy - LexiLine Journal 297
For the first time, I have now been able to decipher one of the megalithic sites of the region of Israel and Jordan, in this case, the megaliths of the Jordanian Temple at Tall Al-Umayri, Madaba Plains (Ma'daba), Jordan, south of Amman and east of Jerusalem.
The decipherment is uploaded to our LexiLine files at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files to the new directory "Jordan" as the file tallalumayri.png [the graphic below]:
The Daily Star of August 5, 2004, carries an article by Larry G. Herr entitled "3500-year-old Bronze Age temple discovered in Jordan". Larry G. Herr is Prof. of Archaeology, Canadian University College, Alberta, Canada and together with Douglas R. Clark, Exec. Director, American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston, directs the Madaba Plains Project.
This project, together with the Jordan Department of Antiquities, headed by Director-General, Fawwaz al-Khraysheh, has found a temple at Tall Al-Umayri which contains a shrine of megaliths built into an ancient wall.
The temple consists of four rooms, with the megaliths being found in the largest room. The megaliths (obviously to symbolize the heavens) tower 3 meters above the heads of the temple excavators. see http://www.utoronto.ca/tmap/
The archaeologists have dated the temple to 1500 BC. I do not know what their basis for this dating is - but my decipherment of the megaliths indicates that these stones as cupmarked may date to ca. 3117 BC.
If the walls are indeed more recent, then the original - older - megaliths were integrated into the walls of the temple many years later than their original creation.
The megaliths are carved and also have cupmarks, especially the middle large round megalithic stone, which appears to have the stars of Andromeda cupmarked on it.
To the left we find what I identify provisionally as the stars of Perseus, the Pleiades and Aries, with Taurus carved on the adjacent wall.
To the right we find possibly Lacerta, Pegasus, and Aquarius.
Above, the wall marks the Milky Way, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus.
Below we find the clear shapes of fish for Pisces and a large whale for Cetus including an apparent marking of the South Galactic Pole near Phoenix.
In the astronomical survey of the fertile crescent, we thus find - provisionally - that Jordan apparently marked Andromeda, as evidenced by the large prominent stone in the temple - the one with the stars of Andromeda cupmarked on it.
JORDAn is a name said to derive from Hebrew YARAD meaning "descend" or "flow down" and thus originally surely applied to the River Jordan.
We find the ancient Arabic name al 'ARD for Andromeda to be possibly related to JORDan (see Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 36).
Perhaps this is origin of the astronomical line marked here at Andromeda as al RISHA, the band of the fish, which was called ARIT in Egypt, according to Renouf, an identification supported by the later Coptic ARTulosia, which referred to the moon station at Alpheratz in that same constellation Andromeda.
All of those terms are similar matching the geography to astronomy in the hermetic system.
It is thus perhaps no accident and rather the product of many thousands of years of tradition that the Madaba Mosaic Map from Madaba, Jordan (ca. 6th-7th cent. A.D.), though partially destroyed, is regarded to be one of the best ancient maps of Biblical lands.
See
http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/fai/FAImadmn.html
http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/
Update: August 12, 2004, 10:04 a.m.
Please note that what we see at Tall Al-Umayri, i.e. the inclusion
and incorporation of more ancient megaliths in what is apparently a
more modern temple construction, is precisely what I alleged also
occurred in the building of the Great Pyramids of Gizeh in that the
secret chamber of the Cheops pyramid may incorporate more ancient
megaliths originally standing at or near that location ....
See my discussion of the Cheops secret chamber (recently opened) ...
at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/message/652
The decipherment is uploaded to our LexiLine files at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files to the new directory "Jordan" as the file tallalumayri.png [the graphic below]:
The Daily Star of August 5, 2004, carries an article by Larry G. Herr entitled "3500-year-old Bronze Age temple discovered in Jordan". Larry G. Herr is Prof. of Archaeology, Canadian University College, Alberta, Canada and together with Douglas R. Clark, Exec. Director, American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston, directs the Madaba Plains Project.
This project, together with the Jordan Department of Antiquities, headed by Director-General, Fawwaz al-Khraysheh, has found a temple at Tall Al-Umayri which contains a shrine of megaliths built into an ancient wall.
The temple consists of four rooms, with the megaliths being found in the largest room. The megaliths (obviously to symbolize the heavens) tower 3 meters above the heads of the temple excavators. see http://www.utoronto.ca/tmap/
The archaeologists have dated the temple to 1500 BC. I do not know what their basis for this dating is - but my decipherment of the megaliths indicates that these stones as cupmarked may date to ca. 3117 BC.
If the walls are indeed more recent, then the original - older - megaliths were integrated into the walls of the temple many years later than their original creation.
The megaliths are carved and also have cupmarks, especially the middle large round megalithic stone, which appears to have the stars of Andromeda cupmarked on it.
To the left we find what I identify provisionally as the stars of Perseus, the Pleiades and Aries, with Taurus carved on the adjacent wall.
To the right we find possibly Lacerta, Pegasus, and Aquarius.
Above, the wall marks the Milky Way, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus.
Below we find the clear shapes of fish for Pisces and a large whale for Cetus including an apparent marking of the South Galactic Pole near Phoenix.
In the astronomical survey of the fertile crescent, we thus find - provisionally - that Jordan apparently marked Andromeda, as evidenced by the large prominent stone in the temple - the one with the stars of Andromeda cupmarked on it.
JORDAn is a name said to derive from Hebrew YARAD meaning "descend" or "flow down" and thus originally surely applied to the River Jordan.
We find the ancient Arabic name al 'ARD for Andromeda to be possibly related to JORDan (see Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 36).
Perhaps this is origin of the astronomical line marked here at Andromeda as al RISHA, the band of the fish, which was called ARIT in Egypt, according to Renouf, an identification supported by the later Coptic ARTulosia, which referred to the moon station at Alpheratz in that same constellation Andromeda.
All of those terms are similar matching the geography to astronomy in the hermetic system.
It is thus perhaps no accident and rather the product of many thousands of years of tradition that the Madaba Mosaic Map from Madaba, Jordan (ca. 6th-7th cent. A.D.), though partially destroyed, is regarded to be one of the best ancient maps of Biblical lands.
See
http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/fai/FAImadmn.html
http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/
Update: August 12, 2004, 10:04 a.m.
Re: 52 LexiLine Newsletter 2004 Jordan Tall Al-Umayri Megaliths Deciphered
Please note that what we see at Tall Al-Umayri, i.e. the inclusion
and incorporation of more ancient megaliths in what is apparently a
more modern temple construction, is precisely what I alleged also
occurred in the building of the Great Pyramids of Gizeh in that the
secret chamber of the Cheops pyramid may incorporate more ancient
megaliths originally standing at or near that location ....
See my discussion of the Cheops secret chamber (recently opened) ...
at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/message/652
Friday, July 23, 2004
Fascinating LexiLine: The Perpetual Treasure Hunt - LexiLine Journal 296
A new member, slidersmom@webtv.net, writes in response to the LexiLine "Welcome" message:
>thank you, been reading the 'oldies' and have found them fascinating.
>great forum! kathryn
We thank YOU for the positive feedback. Members like this are always welcome to the LexiLine list.
We expect no one to agree with everything written in the materials posted, but we certainly hope that people are interested and "fascinated" by our topics.
Man's history is a wonderful subject and there is still so much that we simply do not know about ancient eras. It is a perpetual treasure hunt.
>thank you, been reading the 'oldies' and have found them fascinating.
>great forum! kathryn
We thank YOU for the positive feedback. Members like this are always welcome to the LexiLine list.
We expect no one to agree with everything written in the materials posted, but we certainly hope that people are interested and "fascinated" by our topics.
Man's history is a wonderful subject and there is still so much that we simply do not know about ancient eras. It is a perpetual treasure hunt.
Sunday, July 18, 2004
Proto Baltic Language - LexiLine Journal 295
Bob Sand has sent me some materials on Proto-Baltic and I reproduce below some of the links he provides, plus some additional ones of my choosing.
Baltic Languages as the closest living languages to Proto-Indo-European:
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0805961.html
http://snipurl.com/7uda
Indo-Europeans in the Eastern Baltic
[The text now in brackets here is new material added in the year 2010 because the original links to the works of Ilze Loze and Raisa Denisova are no longer accessible:
According to the The History of the Baltic Countries, by Zigmantas Kiaup, Ain Mäesalu, Ago Pajur, and Gvido Straube, published in 1999 by Avita in Estonia as a European Union funded project (hereafter "HOBC")]:
The first settlers to present-day Latvia appeared in the aftermath of the receding Ice Age in the 9th millennium BCE (Paleolithic viz. Early Stone Age). One group came from the west. These were the bearers of the Madalen-Ahrensburgian Culture (e.g. this culture includes the cave painters of Lascaux). The other group came from the south. These were the bearers of the Swidrian Culture
They write that: "The first settlers in the Baltic are believed to have been the representatives of the two related Paleolithic Central European cultures, Ahrensburgian and Swidrian". (HOBC, p.17) At the time of the receding glaciers, inhabitants to the Baltic arrived from two different directions - from the West (The Magdalenian / Ahrensburgian Culture = the cave painters of Altamira, Lascaux, etc.) and from the South (The Swidrian culture). (HOBC, p.14)
The arrival of the Magdalenian culture in the Baltic coincided with the end of that culture in Western Europe. Perhaps there is a reason that French tu es "you are" is the same as Latvian tu esi "you are". There is then a significant dispute in the literature about whether these first Baltic inhabitants are then "original" at this time to the Indo-European pantheon or whether the Indo-Europeans arrived later.
The HOBC writes further that "Mesolithic graves [Middle Stone Age, 9th millennium] have yielded the remains of what is called the European race.... [so also at Zvejnieki]" (HOBC, p. 20) Except for earlier dated finds [11th - 9th millennium BC] of reindeer hunters in Lithuania and Latvia [none in Estonia], the largest Stone Age "communities" of 20-40 people in the Baltic are found "on the plain of Lubana in eastern Latvia ... [where] more than 25 Stone Age settlements have been discovered." (HOBC, p. 15)
Raisa Denisova in her online article The Most Ancient Population of Latvia discusses the whole North and Central European region in prehistoric times. It is interesting to see from this article that the most ancient human skulls found thus far in the Baltic are dated to 6300 BC and have also been found only in Latvia - not in Lithuania - in spite of erroneous contrary interpretations about ancient Baltic population centers by the uninformed mainstream linguists. These finds were made at the site of Zvejnieki on the Burtnieku Ezers (Lake of the Letterers).
Denisova writes that Latvia's most ancient inhabitants were large in size, had large oblong skulls, broad high faces and protruding noses. Similar Mesolithic populations were found 8130 - 8000 BC in the Middle Dnieper River and later also in Scandinavia. During the following Neolithic period, similar anthropological types populated the Upper Volga, the Upper Oka, and were found in the Dnieper / Donetz culture of the Ukraine. Denisova writes that "The morphological type described here is quite unique and is easily distinguished from any other type.... but in Latvia, this complex of anthropological characteristics remained characteristic in other times, too." To put it differently, this particular type appeared to be at home in the Baltic and also remained there over time. Anthropologically similar peoples also inhabited Normandy and the Middle European lowlands in the Mesolithic period. Denisova writes: "The most ancient similar morphological form was prevalent among inhabitants of France's Madlein [Magdalenian] culture." So, the Latvians appear to be the descendants of the cave painters of Lascaux and of the hunters of the German Ahrensburgian Culture (near Hamburg).
Ilze Loze has an article online about the ancient Balts which further points to the very strong Baltic connection to the Middle Dnieper rapids region in the Mesolithic Period. She writes: "The fact that the center of Neolithization moved to the Dnieper rapids region means that we must devote far more attention to the Dnieper river than has been done until now. The fact that regions of the Middle Dnieper and the Upper Dnieper were subjected to processes of Indo-europeanization has been discussed in the literature extensively, but the question remains whether the process perhaps did not occur only by way of central Europe, instead coming directly up the Dnieper river." In other words, the direction of cultural migration may be north to south and not vice-versa.]
Prussian Reconstructions
http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/reconstructions.htm
http://snipurl.com/7udd
Sudovians (Yatvingians = Latvians through L//Y shift)
http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/
... [links not accessible]
Proto-Baltic Dictionary
http://snipurl.com/7r2p
http://www.mun.ca/research/rmatters/june_96/baltic.htm
The Relation of the Finns and Ests to Baltic
http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html
in Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
by Riho Grünthal
Livvistä liiviin. Itämerensuomalaiset etnonyymit
Abstract: THE FINNIC ETHNONYMS
A very nice discussion but lacking in accuracy due in part to reliance upon ignorant mainstream linguistic sources. I will have more to post on this article in the near future since it goes into the origin of the name, e.g. of the Finns and the Ests and we will show that there are better explanations than those presented there.
Baltic Languages as the closest living languages to Proto-Indo-European:
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0805961.html
http://snipurl.com/7uda
"The Baltic languages are said to be the closest of the living Indo-European languages to Proto-Indo-European - the original parent of all the Indo-European tongues - both phonologically and grammatically."citing to T. F. Magner and W. R. Schmalstieg, ed., Baltic Linguistics (1970) and The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2004, Columbia University Press.
Indo-Europeans in the Eastern Baltic
[The text now in brackets here is new material added in the year 2010 because the original links to the works of Ilze Loze and Raisa Denisova are no longer accessible:
According to the The History of the Baltic Countries, by Zigmantas Kiaup, Ain Mäesalu, Ago Pajur, and Gvido Straube, published in 1999 by Avita in Estonia as a European Union funded project (hereafter "HOBC")]:
The first settlers to present-day Latvia appeared in the aftermath of the receding Ice Age in the 9th millennium BCE (Paleolithic viz. Early Stone Age). One group came from the west. These were the bearers of the Madalen-Ahrensburgian Culture (e.g. this culture includes the cave painters of Lascaux). The other group came from the south. These were the bearers of the Swidrian Culture
They write that: "The first settlers in the Baltic are believed to have been the representatives of the two related Paleolithic Central European cultures, Ahrensburgian and Swidrian". (HOBC, p.17) At the time of the receding glaciers, inhabitants to the Baltic arrived from two different directions - from the West (The Magdalenian / Ahrensburgian Culture = the cave painters of Altamira, Lascaux, etc.) and from the South (The Swidrian culture). (HOBC, p.14)
The arrival of the Magdalenian culture in the Baltic coincided with the end of that culture in Western Europe. Perhaps there is a reason that French tu es "you are" is the same as Latvian tu esi "you are". There is then a significant dispute in the literature about whether these first Baltic inhabitants are then "original" at this time to the Indo-European pantheon or whether the Indo-Europeans arrived later.
The HOBC writes further that "Mesolithic graves [Middle Stone Age, 9th millennium] have yielded the remains of what is called the European race.... [so also at Zvejnieki]" (HOBC, p. 20) Except for earlier dated finds [11th - 9th millennium BC] of reindeer hunters in Lithuania and Latvia [none in Estonia], the largest Stone Age "communities" of 20-40 people in the Baltic are found "on the plain of Lubana in eastern Latvia ... [where] more than 25 Stone Age settlements have been discovered." (HOBC, p. 15)
Raisa Denisova in her online article The Most Ancient Population of Latvia discusses the whole North and Central European region in prehistoric times. It is interesting to see from this article that the most ancient human skulls found thus far in the Baltic are dated to 6300 BC and have also been found only in Latvia - not in Lithuania - in spite of erroneous contrary interpretations about ancient Baltic population centers by the uninformed mainstream linguists. These finds were made at the site of Zvejnieki on the Burtnieku Ezers (Lake of the Letterers).
Denisova writes that Latvia's most ancient inhabitants were large in size, had large oblong skulls, broad high faces and protruding noses. Similar Mesolithic populations were found 8130 - 8000 BC in the Middle Dnieper River and later also in Scandinavia. During the following Neolithic period, similar anthropological types populated the Upper Volga, the Upper Oka, and were found in the Dnieper / Donetz culture of the Ukraine. Denisova writes that "The morphological type described here is quite unique and is easily distinguished from any other type.... but in Latvia, this complex of anthropological characteristics remained characteristic in other times, too." To put it differently, this particular type appeared to be at home in the Baltic and also remained there over time. Anthropologically similar peoples also inhabited Normandy and the Middle European lowlands in the Mesolithic period. Denisova writes: "The most ancient similar morphological form was prevalent among inhabitants of France's Madlein [Magdalenian] culture." So, the Latvians appear to be the descendants of the cave painters of Lascaux and of the hunters of the German Ahrensburgian Culture (near Hamburg).
Ilze Loze has an article online about the ancient Balts which further points to the very strong Baltic connection to the Middle Dnieper rapids region in the Mesolithic Period. She writes: "The fact that the center of Neolithization moved to the Dnieper rapids region means that we must devote far more attention to the Dnieper river than has been done until now. The fact that regions of the Middle Dnieper and the Upper Dnieper were subjected to processes of Indo-europeanization has been discussed in the literature extensively, but the question remains whether the process perhaps did not occur only by way of central Europe, instead coming directly up the Dnieper river." In other words, the direction of cultural migration may be north to south and not vice-versa.]
Prussian Reconstructions
http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/reconstructions.htm
http://snipurl.com/7udd
Sudovians (Yatvingians = Latvians through L//Y shift)
http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/
... [links not accessible]
Proto-Baltic Dictionary
http://snipurl.com/7r2p
http://www.mun.ca/research/rmatters/june_96/baltic.htm
The Relation of the Finns and Ests to Baltic
http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html
in Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
by Riho Grünthal
Livvistä liiviin. Itämerensuomalaiset etnonyymit
Abstract: THE FINNIC ETHNONYMS
A very nice discussion but lacking in accuracy due in part to reliance upon ignorant mainstream linguistic sources. I will have more to post on this article in the near future since it goes into the origin of the name, e.g. of the Finns and the Ests and we will show that there are better explanations than those presented there.
Paleolithic Art at Creswell Crags Caves - LexiLine Journal 294
Via Explorator at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Explorator/
we are directed to the following website links:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/3890113.stm
http://snipurl.com/7ucj
http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/news/story/0,11711,1260838,00.html
http://snipurl.com/7uck
These links report the recent sensational finds of Paleolithic cave art being made at Creswell Crags in Nottinghamshire, England.
Note that Creswell Crags is a site that I first documented as being of interest for megalithic astronomy before any of this cave art was discovered: See pp. 153-154 of Stars Stones and Scholars http://www.starsstonesscholars.com/
The archaeologists date the cave art to ca. 13,000 years ago (I am sceptical of this date thinking the figures not to be so old) - but in any case it was allegedly long before the megalithic system of
carved megaliths and rock drawings came into existence. Creswell Crags shows clearly - that already at this distant date - the ancients carved figures in relief in rock - which is one of the main cornerstones of my theories. If they already had this ability in ca. 11000 BC then they surely would have had this ability - and more - 8000 years later.
Of course, the majority of the rock art is carved on the ceiling of the cave in question, and was so carved because it represented the stars of the heavens - something which the mainstream archaeologists are still apparently not smart enough to recognize.
Another error that the archaeologists continue to make is to look at figures carved ON a rock but not to pay sufficient attention to the form of the underlying rock itself, which is often ALSO carved into one or more figures and predates the more modern drawings (the rock often does not naturally have this shape, as the archaeologists allege, rather, the underlying shape of the rock is ALSO carved). For example, the stag is carved on rock which in even older times was
carved in the shape of a horse. LOOK carefully at the photos in the sources.
What is being observed at Creswell Crags completely supports my findings on ancient megalithic art.
You can be sure that I am right on these historical questions because new discoveries by others almost always mesh with my theories rather than negating them. - Andis
we are directed to the following website links:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/3890113.stm
http://snipurl.com/7ucj
http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/news/story/0,11711,1260838,00.html
http://snipurl.com/7uck
These links report the recent sensational finds of Paleolithic cave art being made at Creswell Crags in Nottinghamshire, England.
Note that Creswell Crags is a site that I first documented as being of interest for megalithic astronomy before any of this cave art was discovered: See pp. 153-154 of Stars Stones and Scholars http://www.starsstonesscholars.com/
The archaeologists date the cave art to ca. 13,000 years ago (I am sceptical of this date thinking the figures not to be so old) - but in any case it was allegedly long before the megalithic system of
carved megaliths and rock drawings came into existence. Creswell Crags shows clearly - that already at this distant date - the ancients carved figures in relief in rock - which is one of the main cornerstones of my theories. If they already had this ability in ca. 11000 BC then they surely would have had this ability - and more - 8000 years later.
Of course, the majority of the rock art is carved on the ceiling of the cave in question, and was so carved because it represented the stars of the heavens - something which the mainstream archaeologists are still apparently not smart enough to recognize.
Another error that the archaeologists continue to make is to look at figures carved ON a rock but not to pay sufficient attention to the form of the underlying rock itself, which is often ALSO carved into one or more figures and predates the more modern drawings (the rock often does not naturally have this shape, as the archaeologists allege, rather, the underlying shape of the rock is ALSO carved). For example, the stag is carved on rock which in even older times was
carved in the shape of a horse. LOOK carefully at the photos in the sources.
What is being observed at Creswell Crags completely supports my findings on ancient megalithic art.
You can be sure that I am right on these historical questions because new discoveries by others almost always mesh with my theories rather than negating them. - Andis
Tuesday, July 13, 2004
A Bibliography of Sacred Astronomy - LexiLine Journal 293
We have a member who writes that he is a student of Ulansey, Rolleston, Seiss and Bullinger.
I looked up these authors and find particularly Ulansey and Rolleston to be of great interest. Below are links to all four authors plus one link to a large bibliography on sacred astronomy:
David Ulansey
The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195067886/
http://www.well.com/user/davidu/mithras.html
http://www.well.com/user/davidu/index.html
Frances Rolleston
Mazzaroth or, The Constellations
http://philologos.org/__eb-mazzaroth/
Joseph Augustus Seiss
The Gospel in the Stars, 1972 Reprint of the 1882
Edition, Kregel Publications, P.O. Box 2607, Grand Rapids, MI 49501,
USA.
http://www.ageslibrary.com/seiss_apoc.html
E.W. Bullinger
The Witness of the Stars
http://philologos.org/__eb-tws/default.htm
An excellent bibliography of "Sacred Astronomy - Gospel in the Stars"
is found at
http://www.pillar-of-enoch.com/biblio.html
As one can see from these sources, the idea that much of ancient culture and civilization was oriented to astronomy is not an idea limited to the present author alone. Rather, other researchers over the years have been picking away at this subject, pointing out the unmistakeable origin of much of our myth, legand, religion and yes - even many essential aspects of human history, such as technology - in the observation of the stars.
I looked up these authors and find particularly Ulansey and Rolleston to be of great interest. Below are links to all four authors plus one link to a large bibliography on sacred astronomy:
David Ulansey
The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195067886/
http://www.well.com/user/davidu/mithras.html
http://www.well.com/user/davidu/index.html
Frances Rolleston
Mazzaroth or, The Constellations
http://philologos.org/__eb-mazzaroth/
Joseph Augustus Seiss
The Gospel in the Stars, 1972 Reprint of the 1882
Edition, Kregel Publications, P.O. Box 2607, Grand Rapids, MI 49501,
USA.
http://www.ageslibrary.com/seiss_apoc.html
E.W. Bullinger
The Witness of the Stars
http://philologos.org/__eb-tws/default.htm
An excellent bibliography of "Sacred Astronomy - Gospel in the Stars"
is found at
http://www.pillar-of-enoch.com/biblio.html
As one can see from these sources, the idea that much of ancient culture and civilization was oriented to astronomy is not an idea limited to the present author alone. Rather, other researchers over the years have been picking away at this subject, pointing out the unmistakeable origin of much of our myth, legand, religion and yes - even many essential aspects of human history, such as technology - in the observation of the stars.
Monday, July 12, 2004
Re: 40 LexiLine Newsletter How Old are the Baltic Languages? - Latvian Dictionaries - Latvian-German - Mīlenbahs - Endzelins - LexiLine Journal 292
Bob Sand has asked me some questions about Latvian dictionaries, indicating that he had gone to his library but had been unable to find one. I thank him for this question because it has given me the opportunity to do research and find new sources.
THE MAIN HISTORICAL LATVIAN-GERMAN DICTIONARY
Although numerous Latvian dictionaries are available at online bookstores and in large public libraries, the main historical dictionary - by far - for any study of Latvian is the four-volume
Latvian-German Historical Dictionary (Lettisch-deutsches
Wörterbuch) by Karlis (Karl) Mühlenbach and Janis (John) Endzelins
(cited as
Mühlenbachs-Endzelins, Mühlenbach-Endzelins, Muhlenbach-Endzelin, Muehlenbachs-Endzelins, Mülenbahs-Endzelins), Riga, 1923-1932, I-IV including supplementary volumes published later (Riga, 1933-1939) by Endzelins after Muehlenbach's passage.
ELECTRONIC ONLINE VERSION IN PREPARATION
An electronic online version of the above dictionary is being prepared. See
http://www.ailab.lv/mev and
http://www.ailab.lv/users/Everita/Everita_main.htm
according to which circa 75000 headwords (main entries) were included.
LIBRARY AVAILABILITY OF THE DICTIONARY
The dictionary is available e.g. at the Latvian National Library at http://snipurl.com/82me viz.
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=M%C3%BChlenbach
as
Mīlenbahs Kārlis. Latviešu valodas vārdnīca = Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch : 4 sej. / Kārlis Mīlenbahs; red., papild. un nobeidzis Jānis Endzelīns. - Rīga, 1923-1932.
See http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000BLSTM/ and
http://snipurl.com/82m7
http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-de&field-keywords=m%FChlenbachs/ref=xs_ap_sai1_xgl/028-3063530-
5000565 (either copy this link which will not wrap in Yahoo or use
the "snip" (short-form) url for the same URL)
The Library of Congress has the four main volumes at
http://lccn.loc.gov/sv 92050110 catalogued as
Mülenbachs, Karlis. Latviešu valodas vardnica. Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch
and the supplementary volumes at http://lccn.loc.gov/25020477 catalogued as
http://snipurl.com/82n8
http://opac.dbf.ddb.de:30080/CHARSET=ISO-8859-1/DB=ext/IMPLAND=Y/LNG=DU/MAT=9001%2505BTKOSEVCZ%2505%2506/SID=df1f926c-0/SRT=YOP/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=8500&TRM=lettisch-deutsches+W%F6rterbuch
and
http://snipurl.com/82n9
http://opac.dbf.ddb.de:30080/DB=ext/SET=1/TTL=1/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=8500&TRM=Endzelin
ONE COPY of the DICTIONARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KIEL
There is a copy of this dictionary at the University of Kiel Library in Germany and I have used that version for much of my work over the past 30 years. See
http://www.uni-kiel.de/ub/Faecher/systematik/rotuli.html
click on Slavistik, then on Baltistik, then on Lettische Philologie (at number 820) and then on Allgemeines (at number.350) This is a typical needle in the haystack system for indexing -
typical for libraries.
Here are relevant Kiel University Library entries - although the books are available ONLY in the central reading room and can not be borrowed. I personally photocopied all volumes for my own use some 30 years ago but these copies were sadly destroyed a few years ago during moving.
- K. Muelenbacha Latviesu valodas Vardnica
- Standort: Zentralbibliothek
- Signatur: R 132
- Katalognummer(n): sla 820.350 / Lettisch / Wortschatz
siehe auch: sla 820 / Lettisch
How often do you find this dictionary used and cited in mainstream linguistic work online? very seldom. The mainstream linguists talk endlessly about Indo-European as if they had a clue, yet Pokorny's alleged Indo-European Etymological Dictionary has only three citations (that I have been able to find) to this main historical Latvian dictionary - see http://www.indoeuropean.nl/
INCOMPETENCE IN MAINSTREAM LINGUISTICS
due to ignorance of LATVIAN LEXICOLOGY
To put it bluntly, the work of the linguists on Latvian lexicology with regard to the reconstruction of Indo-European is next to worthless because most linguists simply have NOT used the main sources at hand. They ignore Latvian because they know nothing about
it.
Mainstream linguists cite to Latvian terms sparingly if at all (see for Latvian and Hittite
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi16.htm) because they know nearly NOTHING about the lexical components of the language and apparently have no access to the most important source, which is this dictionary. I am afraid that many mainstream linguists are - for Latvian - ignorant incompetents - and this includes most of the LATVIAN linguists themselves, who write endlessly about grammar but know next to nothing about historical lexicology in Latvian.
GERMAN BORROWING OF LATVIAN TERMS
An interesting citation to this dictionary is found at Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW)
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~cd2/drw/a/P06.htm
home page http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~cd2/drw/
which reads:
LATVIAN INFLUENCE ON GERMAN LANGUAGE IN THE BALTIC
An interesting recent dissertation on the influence of Latvian on German in the Baltic is found at
ZUM EINFLUSS DES LETTISCHEN AUF DAS DEUTSCHE IM BALTIKUM by Ineta Polanska
http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975200968
Polanska cites liberally to Mühlenbach-Endzelins and has the honor of apparently being the only linguist online [at that time] to do so.
Her section on specific German borrowings from Latvian with etymologies - at pages 195 through 321 - is of particular value.
This is a SUPERB work and a rare exception in mainstream linguistics, pointing to the linguistic world of the future in which the great antiquity and historical value of the Baltic languages - especially in lexicology and etymology - will ultimately be recognized, not just for German borrowings in the Baltic, but for Indo-European reconstruction generally.
Enjoy, Andis
THE MAIN HISTORICAL LATVIAN-GERMAN DICTIONARY
Although numerous Latvian dictionaries are available at online bookstores and in large public libraries, the main historical dictionary - by far - for any study of Latvian is the four-volume
Latvian-German Historical Dictionary (Lettisch-deutsches
Wörterbuch) by Karlis (Karl) Mühlenbach and Janis (John) Endzelins
(cited as
Mühlenbachs-Endzelins, Mühlenbach-Endzelins, Muhlenbach-Endzelin, Muehlenbachs-Endzelins, Mülenbahs-Endzelins), Riga, 1923-1932, I-IV including supplementary volumes published later (Riga, 1933-1939) by Endzelins after Muehlenbach's passage.
ELECTRONIC ONLINE VERSION IN PREPARATION
An electronic online version of the above dictionary is being prepared. See
http://www.ailab.lv/mev and
http://www.ailab.lv/users/Everita/Everita_main.htm
according to which circa 75000 headwords (main entries) were included.
LIBRARY AVAILABILITY OF THE DICTIONARY
The dictionary is available e.g. at the Latvian National Library at http://snipurl.com/82me viz.
http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=M%C3%BChlenbach
as
Mīlenbahs Kārlis. Latviešu valodas vārdnīca = Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch : 4 sej. / Kārlis Mīlenbahs; red., papild. un nobeidzis Jānis Endzelīns. - Rīga, 1923-1932.
See http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000BLSTM/ and
http://snipurl.com/82m7
http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-de&field-keywords=m%FChlenbachs/ref=xs_ap_sai1_xgl/028-3063530-
5000565 (either copy this link which will not wrap in Yahoo or use
the "snip" (short-form) url for the same URL)
The Library of Congress has the four main volumes at
http://lccn.loc.gov/sv 92050110 catalogued as
Mülenbachs, Karlis. Latviešu valodas vardnica. Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch
and the supplementary volumes at http://lccn.loc.gov/25020477 catalogued as
"LC Control No.: 25020477The German National Library in Frankfurt has the main volumes and supplements as photo reprints at
Type of Material: Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.)
Personal Name: Mṻlenbachs, K. (Kārlis), 1853-1916. » More like this
Main Title: K. Mṻlenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīca. Redig̓ējis, papildinājis, turpinājis J. Endzelīns ... Izdevusi Izglītības ministrija ... K. Mühlenbachs Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Redigiert, ergänzt und fortgesetzt von J. Endzelin ... Herausgegeben vom lettischen Bildungsministerium.
Published/Created: Riga, 1923-32.
Related Titles: Latviešu valodas vārdnīca.
K. Mühlenbachs Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch.
Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch.
Description: 4 v. 28 cm.
Contents: 1. A-I.--II. Ie-Or.--III. Pa-Sv.-IV. Ša-Zv.
Notes: Vols. 2-4: ... Kultūras fonda izdevums ... Herausgegeben vom lettischen Kueturfonds; v. 4: ... Redig̓ējis, papildinājis, nobeidzis J. Endzelīns.
Subjects: Latvian language--Dictionaries--German. » More like this
Endzelīns, Jānis, 1873-1961. » More like this
LC Classification: PG8981 .M8
Language Code: lavger"
http://snipurl.com/82n8
http://opac.dbf.ddb.de:30080/CHARSET=ISO-8859-1/DB=ext/IMPLAND=Y/LNG=DU/MAT=9001%2505BTKOSEVCZ%2505%2506/SID=df1f926c-0/SRT=YOP/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=8500&TRM=lettisch-deutsches+W%F6rterbuch
and
http://snipurl.com/82n9
http://opac.dbf.ddb.de:30080/DB=ext/SET=1/TTL=1/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=8500&TRM=Endzelin
ONE COPY of the DICTIONARY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KIEL
There is a copy of this dictionary at the University of Kiel Library in Germany and I have used that version for much of my work over the past 30 years. See
http://www.uni-kiel.de/ub/Faecher/systematik/rotuli.html
click on Slavistik, then on Baltistik, then on Lettische Philologie (at number 820) and then on Allgemeines (at number.350) This is a typical needle in the haystack system for indexing -
typical for libraries.
Here are relevant Kiel University Library entries - although the books are available ONLY in the central reading room and can not be borrowed. I personally photocopied all volumes for my own use some 30 years ago but these copies were sadly destroyed a few years ago during moving.
- K. Muelenbacha Latviesu valodas Vardnica
- Standort: Zentralbibliothek
- Signatur: R 132
- Katalognummer(n): sla 820.350 / Lettisch / Wortschatz
siehe auch: sla 820 / Lettisch
How often do you find this dictionary used and cited in mainstream linguistic work online? very seldom. The mainstream linguists talk endlessly about Indo-European as if they had a clue, yet Pokorny's alleged Indo-European Etymological Dictionary has only three citations (that I have been able to find) to this main historical Latvian dictionary - see http://www.indoeuropean.nl/
INCOMPETENCE IN MAINSTREAM LINGUISTICS
due to ignorance of LATVIAN LEXICOLOGY
To put it bluntly, the work of the linguists on Latvian lexicology with regard to the reconstruction of Indo-European is next to worthless because most linguists simply have NOT used the main sources at hand. They ignore Latvian because they know nothing about
it.
Mainstream linguists cite to Latvian terms sparingly if at all (see for Latvian and Hittite
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi16.htm) because they know nearly NOTHING about the lexical components of the language and apparently have no access to the most important source, which is this dictionary. I am afraid that many mainstream linguists are - for Latvian - ignorant incompetents - and this includes most of the LATVIAN linguists themselves, who write endlessly about grammar but know next to nothing about historical lexicology in Latvian.
GERMAN BORROWING OF LATVIAN TERMS
An interesting citation to this dictionary is found at Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW)
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~cd2/drw/a/P06.htm
home page http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~cd2/drw/
which reads:
"Pageide [the modern spelling is "pagaide"]For those of you who read no German, this citation is to a word in German which is clearly taken from a Latvian word meaning "wait, provisional, temporary", and relating to agricultural subsidies which were issued in winter and as such marked on wooden sticks. The "wait" or "loan" based on those markings then had to be repaid in the following year.
Wortklasse: Femininum
Erklärung: anberaumter Zahltag.
sprachliche Erläuterung: zum Wort vgl. K. Mühlenbach, Lettisch-deutsches Wörterbuch III (Chicago 1955) 25.
Belegtext: ["kommt in alten rig. landvogteyl. Rechnungen vor, sogar noch in einer von 1578, wahrscheinlich in der Bed. von Wartezeit von lett. pagaidiht warten. Wenn die Stadt Riga in vorigen Zeiten ihre Bauern des Winters mit Korn und Heu unterstützte, so erhielten sie solches von der Landvogtey, wo es auf Kerbstücken bemerkt wurde. Im May des folgenden Jahres hielt der Landvogt die] pageide, [da denn jeder Bauer, welcher einen Vorschuß genommen hatte, sich mit seinem Kerbstock einfinden und das Geld abtragen mußte"]
Datierung: 1578 Fundstelle: Gutzeit,Livl. II 320 [weitere Angaben: urk.?]"
LATVIAN INFLUENCE ON GERMAN LANGUAGE IN THE BALTIC
An interesting recent dissertation on the influence of Latvian on German in the Baltic is found at
ZUM EINFLUSS DES LETTISCHEN AUF DAS DEUTSCHE IM BALTIKUM by Ineta Polanska
http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975200968
Polanska cites liberally to Mühlenbach-Endzelins and has the honor of apparently being the only linguist online [at that time] to do so.
Her section on specific German borrowings from Latvian with etymologies - at pages 195 through 321 - is of particular value.
This is a SUPERB work and a rare exception in mainstream linguistics, pointing to the linguistic world of the future in which the great antiquity and historical value of the Baltic languages - especially in lexicology and etymology - will ultimately be recognized, not just for German borrowings in the Baltic, but for Indo-European reconstruction generally.
Enjoy, Andis
Saturday, July 3, 2004
Re: 40 LexiLine Newsletter How Old are the Baltic Languages? - Academia, Humanity and the Wizard of Oz - LexiLine Journal 291
Regarding the Wizard of Oz, Andreas Szabo <silva@psi5.com> asks:
Andis Kaulins wrote:
> As in the Wizard of Oz, the world seems to operate under the
> principle that you need a "paper" (documents - or paper money - will
> do) attesting to your capabilities - but issued by whom? Without such
> a paper, your thoughts are not worth discussing - that is the modern
> world.
What scene or chapter where?
The film "Wizard of Oz" is based on a book by L. Frank Baum
see http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060293233/
Take a look at this website about the Wizard of Oz which explains everything regarding brains and diplomas, courage and medals, and good-heartedness and testimonials:
http://www.filmsite.org/wiza5.html
That website contains quotes from the film (1939) - where the Wizard of Oz is performing his three - and only - miracles in the film:
[1. The brainless straw Scarecrow gets a brain - quoting the Wizard of
Oz]
"Why, anybody can have a brain. That's a very mediocre commodity. Every pusillanimous creature that crawls on the Earth or slinks through slimy seas has a brain. Back where I come from, we have universities, seats of great learning, where men go to become great thinkers. And when they come out, they think deep thoughts and with no more brains than you have! But they have one thing you haven't got - a diploma. Therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Universitatus Committeatum E Pluribus Unum, I hereby confer upon you the honorary degree of Th. D...that's Doctor of Thinkology."
[2. The cowardly Lion gets a medal - quoting the Wizard of Oz]
"As for you, my fine friend, you're a victim of disorganized thinking. You are under the unfortunate delusion that simply because you run away from danger you have no courage. You're confusing courage with wisdom. Back where I come from, we have men who are called heroes. Once a year, they take their fortitude out of moth balls and parade it down the main street of the city and they have no more courage than you have. But they have one thing that you haven't got - a medal. Therefore, for meritorious conduct, extraordinary valor, conspicuous bravery against Wicked Witches, I award you the Triple Cross. You are now a member of the Legion of Courage."
[3. The tin man lacks a heart and is given a loudly ticking clock hanging on a golden chain - quoting the Wizard of Oz]
"Back where I come from, there are men who do nothing all day but good deeds. They are called phila-, er, er, philanth-er, yes, er, good-deed doers, and their hearts are no bigger than yours. But they have one thing you haven't got - a testimonial. Therefore, in consideration of your kindness, I take pleasure at this time in presenting you with a small token of our esteem and affection. And remember, my sentimental friend, that a heart is not judged by how much you love, but by how much you are loved by others."
Many educated people think that the Wizard of Oz is for children only.
They do not realize that what children love about the Wizard of Oz is his understanding of much of the adult world, for which the brainless scarecrow, the cowardly lion and the heartless tin man are metaphoric symbols.
Enjoy,
Andis
Andis Kaulins wrote:
> As in the Wizard of Oz, the world seems to operate under the
> principle that you need a "paper" (documents - or paper money - will
> do) attesting to your capabilities - but issued by whom? Without such
> a paper, your thoughts are not worth discussing - that is the modern
> world.
What scene or chapter where?
The film "Wizard of Oz" is based on a book by L. Frank Baum
see http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060293233/
Take a look at this website about the Wizard of Oz which explains everything regarding brains and diplomas, courage and medals, and good-heartedness and testimonials:
http://www.filmsite.org/wiza5.html
That website contains quotes from the film (1939) - where the Wizard of Oz is performing his three - and only - miracles in the film:
[1. The brainless straw Scarecrow gets a brain - quoting the Wizard of
Oz]
"Why, anybody can have a brain. That's a very mediocre commodity. Every pusillanimous creature that crawls on the Earth or slinks through slimy seas has a brain. Back where I come from, we have universities, seats of great learning, where men go to become great thinkers. And when they come out, they think deep thoughts and with no more brains than you have! But they have one thing you haven't got - a diploma. Therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Universitatus Committeatum E Pluribus Unum, I hereby confer upon you the honorary degree of Th. D...that's Doctor of Thinkology."
[2. The cowardly Lion gets a medal - quoting the Wizard of Oz]
"As for you, my fine friend, you're a victim of disorganized thinking. You are under the unfortunate delusion that simply because you run away from danger you have no courage. You're confusing courage with wisdom. Back where I come from, we have men who are called heroes. Once a year, they take their fortitude out of moth balls and parade it down the main street of the city and they have no more courage than you have. But they have one thing that you haven't got - a medal. Therefore, for meritorious conduct, extraordinary valor, conspicuous bravery against Wicked Witches, I award you the Triple Cross. You are now a member of the Legion of Courage."
[3. The tin man lacks a heart and is given a loudly ticking clock hanging on a golden chain - quoting the Wizard of Oz]
"Back where I come from, there are men who do nothing all day but good deeds. They are called phila-, er, er, philanth-er, yes, er, good-deed doers, and their hearts are no bigger than yours. But they have one thing you haven't got - a testimonial. Therefore, in consideration of your kindness, I take pleasure at this time in presenting you with a small token of our esteem and affection. And remember, my sentimental friend, that a heart is not judged by how much you love, but by how much you are loved by others."
Many educated people think that the Wizard of Oz is for children only.
They do not realize that what children love about the Wizard of Oz is his understanding of much of the adult world, for which the brainless scarecrow, the cowardly lion and the heartless tin man are metaphoric symbols.
Enjoy,
Andis
Friday, July 2, 2004
Re: 40 LexiLine Newsletter How Old are the Baltic Languages? - LexiLine Journal 290
Re: 40 LexiLine Newsletter How Old are the Baltic Languages?
> From Anne Beidler:
> I love your answers, but sometimes I weary of your condescending
> tone. Thanks anyway for all the great work you do.
> Anne
Dear Anne,
I am sorry for the sometimes condescending tone, but it derives from my constantly facing the vast ignorance and stupidity of mainstream scholarship.
To understand my attitudes, one has to have some short knowledge of my background:
1) I could read and write at age 3
2) I skipped the first grade of school because I had already read all the textbooks required in elementary school up to the sixth grade - the teachers often did not know what to do with me - when the other kids wanted to know the answers to homework questions, they came to me - not the other way around
3) Stanford is the toughest college to get into today in America, I went to law school there
4) Upon graduation I was an associate at what I considered to be the best law firm in America, brain by brain, Paul, Weiss, et al. (see
http://www.lawpundit.com/blog/2004/05/diversity-scorecard-and-paul-
weiss.htm)
5) My mentors were, inter alia:
- the late John Kaplan, Prof. of Law, Stanford Law School, a legend
for his brilliance at Harvard who roomed with Derek Bok (later
President of Harvard) - we were good friends until he passed away in
1989 see http://www.andiskaulins.com/selecttops/johnkaplan.htm
- the late Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Dietrich Andre Loeber of the Kiel Law School whose father was a Supreme Court Justice on the Latvian Supreme Court - we were good friends and stayed in touch until his passing just one week ago
- Peter Haje, Counselor of AOL TIme Warner and former General Counsel and Executive Vice-President of AOL Time Warner, the world's largest communications company
I have been surrounded by brilliant people all of my life and count many as my friends - these are MY peers.
This does not mean I am infallible, but anyone who does not recognize my intellectual capability - as many other brilliant men have - is in my eyes, due to this inability - which is also a function of the level of brainpower available - of lesser rank. With respect to these persons, I am, yes, "a snob".
So what I am I to say about what I face in academica today on the subjects that I write about. My question truly is - who are these people? What is the actual extent of their knowledge and their abilities? How much do they really know? And how much of what they write in their journals is just repetition from their mentors?
Who are the people in academia out there who feel competent to judge my work and ideas? What special competence do they bring to the subjects that I study? What analytical powers mark their work, if any?
I find that many quite normal students have "lernt their lessons well" (i.e. they have learned to regurgitate that which they have been taught in their schooling, without ever thinking for themselves) and I find further that many of these persons - being blessed of no particular abilities or talents - have then struggled up the career ladder and have somehow, somewhere managed to obtain a professorship at some institution (or have inherited their father's business) and now think that these achievements have given them an intellect which they previously never had when they were younger. [I should add that I have friends who have inherited their father's business who are BRILLIANT besides. The one does not exclude the other.]
The same people who were once no match for me in school now suddenly think that their acquired positions have made them smarter. I am now to come to THEM for the answers. Hah! It is a joke, nothing more.
As in the Wizard of Oz, the world seems to operate under the principle that you need a "paper" (documents - or paper money - will do) attesting to your capabilities - but issued by whom? Without such a paper, your thoughts are not worth discussing - that is the modern world.
It is not the case that anyone in academia has ever proven the fundamentals of what I write to be wrong - rather, they think that what they are doing is "right" and that any contrary theory must necessarily be bunk by consequence. That is an attitude of mainstream scholarship which I equate with ignorance and stupidity of the first rank. How can I refrain from being condescending to a group of people whom I simply regard to be intellectually inferior?
A brain of equal intellect you see would look at the IDEAS and discuss the EVIDENCE for or against any theory. WHO you were and WHAT POSITION you had would play no role, since these matters are irrelevant to the truth of any matter in question. But that is not the way the world works. Rather, "authority" is the name of the game. People look to "titles", "academic standing", "connections", etc.
But, in spite of that, a higher intelligence never bows to a weaker one and so much of what I write appears condescending because I simply do not acknowledge the intellect of most of my detractors. They simply do not have the brainpower necessary to judge my work.
Enjoy,
Andis
Tuesday, June 22, 2004
The Phaistos Disk Revisited - LexiLine Journal 289
Steve Burdic has sent me the following link
http://www.boardgamesindex.htm
writing his comment as follows,
>Andis;
>
>This is an interesting treatment of the Phaistos Disk. It compares
>the disk to some ancient (and modern) board games and says the
>meaning is astronomical.
>
>Thank you for posting your work-up on the Phaistos Disk. It pulled
many things together for me.
>
>Best Regards,
>
>Steve Burdic
Here is my reply,
Dear Steve,
As you have referred to the posting, my entire decipherment of the Phaistos Disk is available online at http://www.andiskaulins.com/publications/phaistos/phaistos.htm
http://snipurl.com/78zt as a scan of my book: The Phaistos Disc: Hieroglyphic Greek with Euclidean Dimensions - The "Lost Proof" of Parallel Lines" - by Andis Kaulins, Copyright © 1980
You can be sure that if the symbols were astronomical in nature, I would have been the first to have found that out. I look for astronomy first in all ancient sources.
However, the symbols are nothing more than the precursors of later Linear A (a language similar to Turkish) and Linear B (ancient Greek).
Of course, as you have discovered, Steve, the mathematical lemma on the disk was surely used for astronomical calculations, but that is a different matter. The SYMBOLS are syllabic hieroglyphs.
I probably should spend some time and do a write-up showing how the symbols on the Phaistos Disk precede Linear B and Linear A. For example, Michael Ventris in his decipherment of Linear B occasionally has several "variants" for the same syllabic value, but has left out the diphthongs altogether, which account for numerous "extra" symbols, for example, not just ra- but also rai- are symbols in Linear B, according to my research. Ventris also ignored some affricates.
There is no question that my decipherment of the Phaistos Disk is correct - but once I decipher something, I pretty much lose interest in it. Others spend their time marketing their erroneous solutions and are thereby often successful since the mass of men are not competent to decide who is right and who is wrong. However, my life is too valuable to spend my time hawking my work. Rather, in that time I can be doing new things.
The link you sent me is a good example - lots of marketing and sales, but no substance. You see, if the symbols on the disk were astronomical, then we would have similar precursor symbols on megaliths etc. of this nature, but there is nothing.
On the contrary, we have numerous symbols in the most ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs which are identical or nearly identical to those found on the Phaistos Disk. They are language hieroglyphs.
Perhaps the Phaistos Disk is the oldest surviving remnant of the days in which Cadmos brought "letters" from Egypt to Greece, as related in ancient legend. Obviously, such letters would not have been the alphabet of today, but would have been Egyptian-like hieroglyphs, subsequently adapted to the Greek language - and that is what the Phaistos Disk represents.
Unfortunately, the ancient Greeks did not write in stone but on the bark of trees and in beeswax - which would suggest that at the time of Cadmos, paper (papyrus) would not have been invented yet - otherwise the invention would have been copied, but it was not. These bark and beeswax sources are long destroyed. Even the Phaistos Disk survives only because it was "baked" by the fires that destroyed Minoan Civilization.
In any case, until corroborating material is found on Crete, i.e. more samples of writing using these hieroglyphs, no decipherment will nor can be accepted, because there is simply no way to prove who is right. When we have more texts of this nature, then proof will be easy. Until then, each year brings new "decipherments" of the Phaistos Disk, one more improbable than the next.
Enjoy, Andis
http://www.boardgamesindex.htm
writing his comment as follows,
>Andis;
>
>This is an interesting treatment of the Phaistos Disk. It compares
>the disk to some ancient (and modern) board games and says the
>meaning is astronomical.
>
>Thank you for posting your work-up on the Phaistos Disk. It pulled
many things together for me.
>
>Best Regards,
>
>Steve Burdic
Here is my reply,
Dear Steve,
As you have referred to the posting, my entire decipherment of the Phaistos Disk is available online at http://www.andiskaulins.com/publications/phaistos/phaistos.htm
http://snipurl.com/78zt as a scan of my book: The Phaistos Disc: Hieroglyphic Greek with Euclidean Dimensions - The "Lost Proof" of Parallel Lines" - by Andis Kaulins, Copyright © 1980
You can be sure that if the symbols were astronomical in nature, I would have been the first to have found that out. I look for astronomy first in all ancient sources.
However, the symbols are nothing more than the precursors of later Linear A (a language similar to Turkish) and Linear B (ancient Greek).
Of course, as you have discovered, Steve, the mathematical lemma on the disk was surely used for astronomical calculations, but that is a different matter. The SYMBOLS are syllabic hieroglyphs.
I probably should spend some time and do a write-up showing how the symbols on the Phaistos Disk precede Linear B and Linear A. For example, Michael Ventris in his decipherment of Linear B occasionally has several "variants" for the same syllabic value, but has left out the diphthongs altogether, which account for numerous "extra" symbols, for example, not just ra- but also rai- are symbols in Linear B, according to my research. Ventris also ignored some affricates.
There is no question that my decipherment of the Phaistos Disk is correct - but once I decipher something, I pretty much lose interest in it. Others spend their time marketing their erroneous solutions and are thereby often successful since the mass of men are not competent to decide who is right and who is wrong. However, my life is too valuable to spend my time hawking my work. Rather, in that time I can be doing new things.
The link you sent me is a good example - lots of marketing and sales, but no substance. You see, if the symbols on the disk were astronomical, then we would have similar precursor symbols on megaliths etc. of this nature, but there is nothing.
On the contrary, we have numerous symbols in the most ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs which are identical or nearly identical to those found on the Phaistos Disk. They are language hieroglyphs.
Perhaps the Phaistos Disk is the oldest surviving remnant of the days in which Cadmos brought "letters" from Egypt to Greece, as related in ancient legend. Obviously, such letters would not have been the alphabet of today, but would have been Egyptian-like hieroglyphs, subsequently adapted to the Greek language - and that is what the Phaistos Disk represents.
Unfortunately, the ancient Greeks did not write in stone but on the bark of trees and in beeswax - which would suggest that at the time of Cadmos, paper (papyrus) would not have been invented yet - otherwise the invention would have been copied, but it was not. These bark and beeswax sources are long destroyed. Even the Phaistos Disk survives only because it was "baked" by the fires that destroyed Minoan Civilization.
In any case, until corroborating material is found on Crete, i.e. more samples of writing using these hieroglyphs, no decipherment will nor can be accepted, because there is simply no way to prove who is right. When we have more texts of this nature, then proof will be easy. Until then, each year brings new "decipherments" of the Phaistos Disk, one more improbable than the next.
Enjoy, Andis
Wednesday, June 16, 2004
Pharaonic Egyptian Hieroglyphs 1 - The Vowels - Matres Lectionis - LexiLine Journal 288
The current view of the Egyptian hieroglyphs is that they contained no "vowels". Although this is true in terms of "modern" vowels as used to separate consonants, the Egyptian hieroglyphs do in fact have symbols for vowel-type sounds which did not function as "vowels" per se but which represented separate language elements as specific sounds.
New File Added to our Egypt Files
To our LexiLine files at Yahoo Groups at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Egypt/
I have added the file pharaonicvowels.png:
showing my decipherment of the ancient Old Kingdom Pharaonic Egyptian vowel-sound system.
Decipherment of the Vowel-Sound System of Ancient Egypt
This decipherment is the beginning of my correction of the mainstream transcriptions, transliterations and interpretations of the hieroglyphs. Mainstream work contains many, many errors.
In the early days of the Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs, the ancients did not yet have our words or specific concepts for "vowel" or "consonant".
Indeed, even in modern times, a thing like "vowels" is a complicated subject. See e.g. Louis Goldstein of Yale University [currently at USC] and his writings on "vowel theory" at
http://artphon.usc.edu/LG/CV.php
Yet, in order to devise a written language, the ancients had to have some primitive "linguistic" understanding of sound and its connection to symbols in order to devise a workable writing system.
I have discovered how that Pharaonic "vowel" system worked.
Mater Lectionis (singular) - Early vowels in the Hebrew Alphabet
The Pharaonic "vowels" show that the Egyptian hieroglyphs were the DIRECT predecessor system to what is know as the matres lectionis (plural) of the Hebrew alphabet in which Aleph is mostly an A, He mostly an A, Waw mostly an O or a U and Jod mostly I, E or AE.
The Linguistics of Sound and Vowel Theory
Mater lectionis derives out of the limited number of ways in which vowels can be formed by human speech. See the Wikipedia Online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis
Early Vowel Theory
As Goldstein notes at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis -
Indian grammarians as early as the 7th century already divided vowels into three distinct types:
(1) palatal (so-called "mouth vowels")
(2) labio-velar (so-called "lip vowels")
(3) pharyngeal (so-called "throat vowels")
Modern Vowel Theory
Modern linguistics has expanded this list to four types of vowels:
(1) palatal ("mouth vowels")
(2) velar ("lip vowels")
(3) uvular ("tongue vowels")
(4) pharyngeal ("in the throat")
The Egyptian Vowel-Type Hieroglyphs mark Vowel Sounds
What we have discovered in the most ancient Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs is that their makers recognized four qualities of vowel-type sounds - and consciously selected homophonic (same-sounding) symbols to mark these sounds - sounds which are similar in function to modern linguistic vowel theory, but of course not as advanced in their nature 5000 years ago.
These four vowel-type sounds in ancient Egypt were:
1. The Breath Sound - the "LEAF, reed LEAF" Hieroglyph
2. The Throat Sound - the "EAGLE" (vulture) Hieroglyph
3. The Nasal Sound - the "CHICKEN" Hieroglyph
4. The Palatal Sound - the "BENT ARM" Hieroglyph
In order to represent these "vowel-types" with symbols, the makers of the hieroglyphs - on the basis of the evidence of the Indo-European language, e.g. on the basis of Latvian lexical comparisons, selected symbols which were pronounced similarly - i.e. were homophonic - to the vowel sound description.
The Four Pairs of Homophonic Hieroglyphs and Vowel Sound Functions
The following four pairs of words are homophonic in Latvian - and fit the Egyptian hieroglyphs perfectly. I find that these same homophonic pairs are found clearly in the Egyptian hieroglyphs:
1. ALPA (whence ALPHA) viz. ELPA "breath" and LAPA viz. VARPA "leaf, ear" whence also VARPATA "couch-grass, dog grass". (Note that the later alphabet used the steer symbol for Alpha, a steer in Latvian being LUOP, also a word homophonic to ALPA. In ancient Old Kingdom Egypt, the "leaf" or "reed leaf" symbol thus represented the "breath sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.
2. IERIKLIS ("in the throat") and ERGLIS "eagle" (vulture in Egypt). The "eagle" viz. "vulture" symbol thus represented the "throat sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.
3. UOSTA ("smell, smeller, of the nose") and VISTA "chicken". The "chicken" symbol thus represented a "nasal sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.
4. ROKA ("bent, arm") and LOKA "bent, pliable, flexible", supple"). The "bent arm" thus represented a "palatal (bent) sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs. Even today LOCISHANA in Latvian is applied as a word in linguistics, applying to declension and conjugation.
Consequence of the Hieroglyphic "Vowel-Sound" Discovery
This above discovery now permits us to recognize that the hieroglyphs were not just chance symbols selected at random or because of religious or other considerations, but were selected primarily for their pronounced SOUND as being similarly sounding - homophonic - to an intended linguistic sound FUNCTION.
Accordingly, we will expect a similar intelligence and rational reasoning to be at work in the formulation of the the remainder of the hieroglyphs, also for the "consonants" (which - as wel will see - were seen combined with vowel sounds). Even though the ancients did not have the precise equivalent concept of "consonant" in ancient days, they recognized similar sounds.
An explanation of the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian "alphabet" will soon be forthcoming.
New File Added to our Egypt Files
To our LexiLine files at Yahoo Groups at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Egypt/
I have added the file pharaonicvowels.png:
showing my decipherment of the ancient Old Kingdom Pharaonic Egyptian vowel-sound system.
Decipherment of the Vowel-Sound System of Ancient Egypt
This decipherment is the beginning of my correction of the mainstream transcriptions, transliterations and interpretations of the hieroglyphs. Mainstream work contains many, many errors.
In the early days of the Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs, the ancients did not yet have our words or specific concepts for "vowel" or "consonant".
Indeed, even in modern times, a thing like "vowels" is a complicated subject. See e.g. Louis Goldstein of Yale University [currently at USC] and his writings on "vowel theory" at
http://artphon.usc.edu/LG/CV.php
Yet, in order to devise a written language, the ancients had to have some primitive "linguistic" understanding of sound and its connection to symbols in order to devise a workable writing system.
I have discovered how that Pharaonic "vowel" system worked.
Mater Lectionis (singular) - Early vowels in the Hebrew Alphabet
The Pharaonic "vowels" show that the Egyptian hieroglyphs were the DIRECT predecessor system to what is know as the matres lectionis (plural) of the Hebrew alphabet in which Aleph is mostly an A, He mostly an A, Waw mostly an O or a U and Jod mostly I, E or AE.
The Linguistics of Sound and Vowel Theory
Mater lectionis derives out of the limited number of ways in which vowels can be formed by human speech. See the Wikipedia Online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis
Early Vowel Theory
As Goldstein notes at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis -
Indian grammarians as early as the 7th century already divided vowels into three distinct types:
(1) palatal (so-called "mouth vowels")
(2) labio-velar (so-called "lip vowels")
(3) pharyngeal (so-called "throat vowels")
Modern Vowel Theory
Modern linguistics has expanded this list to four types of vowels:
(1) palatal ("mouth vowels")
(2) velar ("lip vowels")
(3) uvular ("tongue vowels")
(4) pharyngeal ("in the throat")
The Egyptian Vowel-Type Hieroglyphs mark Vowel Sounds
What we have discovered in the most ancient Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs is that their makers recognized four qualities of vowel-type sounds - and consciously selected homophonic (same-sounding) symbols to mark these sounds - sounds which are similar in function to modern linguistic vowel theory, but of course not as advanced in their nature 5000 years ago.
These four vowel-type sounds in ancient Egypt were:
1. The Breath Sound - the "LEAF, reed LEAF" Hieroglyph
2. The Throat Sound - the "EAGLE" (vulture) Hieroglyph
3. The Nasal Sound - the "CHICKEN" Hieroglyph
4. The Palatal Sound - the "BENT ARM" Hieroglyph
In order to represent these "vowel-types" with symbols, the makers of the hieroglyphs - on the basis of the evidence of the Indo-European language, e.g. on the basis of Latvian lexical comparisons, selected symbols which were pronounced similarly - i.e. were homophonic - to the vowel sound description.
The Four Pairs of Homophonic Hieroglyphs and Vowel Sound Functions
The following four pairs of words are homophonic in Latvian - and fit the Egyptian hieroglyphs perfectly. I find that these same homophonic pairs are found clearly in the Egyptian hieroglyphs:
1. ALPA (whence ALPHA) viz. ELPA "breath" and LAPA viz. VARPA "leaf, ear" whence also VARPATA "couch-grass, dog grass". (Note that the later alphabet used the steer symbol for Alpha, a steer in Latvian being LUOP, also a word homophonic to ALPA. In ancient Old Kingdom Egypt, the "leaf" or "reed leaf" symbol thus represented the "breath sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.
2. IERIKLIS ("in the throat") and ERGLIS "eagle" (vulture in Egypt). The "eagle" viz. "vulture" symbol thus represented the "throat sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.
3. UOSTA ("smell, smeller, of the nose") and VISTA "chicken". The "chicken" symbol thus represented a "nasal sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.
4. ROKA ("bent, arm") and LOKA "bent, pliable, flexible", supple"). The "bent arm" thus represented a "palatal (bent) sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs. Even today LOCISHANA in Latvian is applied as a word in linguistics, applying to declension and conjugation.
Consequence of the Hieroglyphic "Vowel-Sound" Discovery
This above discovery now permits us to recognize that the hieroglyphs were not just chance symbols selected at random or because of religious or other considerations, but were selected primarily for their pronounced SOUND as being similarly sounding - homophonic - to an intended linguistic sound FUNCTION.
Accordingly, we will expect a similar intelligence and rational reasoning to be at work in the formulation of the the remainder of the hieroglyphs, also for the "consonants" (which - as wel will see - were seen combined with vowel sounds). Even though the ancients did not have the precise equivalent concept of "consonant" in ancient days, they recognized similar sounds.
An explanation of the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian "alphabet" will soon be forthcoming.
Monday, June 14, 2004
Indo-European Roots and Latvian I - LexiLine Journal 287
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, which is reproduced at
http://www.bartleby.com/61/ contains an up-to-date list of Indo-European roots.
That same source has an article on "Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans" by Calvert Watkins at http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html
To illustrate how close Latvian is lexically to proto-Indo-European, I just went through Watkins 7-page article and listed those hypothetical Indo-European roots (marked with an asterisk *) which are identical or nearly identical with Latvian. Most linguists do NOT know this kind of basic information about Latvian at all - they are incredibly ignorant and closed-minded in their own field, wallowing mostly in Greek and Latin and not paying attention to the evidence.
mainstream hypothetical
Indo-European Roots compared with still existing Latvian language
*do "give" = Latvian do (pronounced duo)
*ed "eat" = Latvian ed (Hittite ed-)
*ped "foot" = Latvian ped-
*es and *bheua- "expressing existence" = Latvian es ("I") esu ("am"),
bij-, bija "was"
*sen "old" = Latvian sen
*yeu- "youth" = Latvian jau-ns ("young")
*tu "you" = Latvian tu
*nes- "we" = Latvian mes
*yu- "you" = Latvian ju(s)
*persistent pronomial stems *to- and *ko = Latvian to and ko
*me- "measure" = Latvian me(r)
*sawel "Sun" = Latvian saule
*ster- "star" = Latvian stari "rays of light"
*aus- "East, to shine" = Latvian aus-trumi "East" aus-t "rise"
*nekt- "night" = Latvian nakt-
*sneigh "snow" = Latvian snieg
*deiw "divine bright sky, deus, God, Zeus" - Latvian diev-
*s(t)ena "thunder" = Latvian sitiena "strike, of a peal of thunder
*and lightning"
*dhghem- "earth" = Latvian zem- (dhgh = zh)
*ere "row" = Latvian aire
*ghwer "wild animal" = Latvain zver-
*vlko- "wolf" = Latvian vilku "of the wolf"
*wlp "fox" = Latvian lap-sa
*dhghu "fish" = Latvian zivu- "of the fish" (dhgh = zh)
*bhei "bee" = Latvian bi-te (also in ancient Egyptian bi-te)
*medhu "mead" = Latvian med- "honey"
*wi-ro "man" = Latvian vir-
*man "person" = Latvian man "mine, for me, for the self"
*mer- "to die" = Latvian mir-
*kerd- "heart" = Latvian sird-
*yek-r "liver" = Latvian ak-na
*s(w)e "self" = Lativan sev, sava
*mela "grinding" = Latvian mala
*egna "fire" = Latvian ugun, ugunis Latin ignis
*dhwer- "door" = Latvian dur- (Latvian caur, pronounced tsaur
= "through")
*nobh - "nobh" = Latvian naba
*kel-o "revolve, wheel" = Latvian cel-o "travel, road"
*wegh "vehicle transport" = Latvian vaga "rut"
*men- "mind" = Latvian min "mention", at-min "remember",
at-mina "memory"
reg- "tribal king" = Latvian rik-uo "lead, organize"
*legh- "law" = Latvian liek- "to set down", lik-ums "law,
lieg-t "forbid, prohibit", lik-t "bid, command"
Latin lex (Latvian legts "decided")
numbers (but these are pretty uniform in all Indo-European tongues)
*dwo = Latvian divi
*trei = Latvian tri(s)
*ketwer = Latvian chetri
*penke = Latvian pieci
*seks = Latvian sesh-
*septm = Latvian septin-
*okto(u) = Latvian asto-
*newn = Latvian dev-n-
*dekm = Latvian desm-
More on Indo-European roots will be forthcoming. Many hypothetical Indo-European roots are faulty, and we will be correcting them. Also some of the roots given above are not accurate and we will show where the errors have been made.
http://www.bartleby.com/61/ contains an up-to-date list of Indo-European roots.
That same source has an article on "Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans" by Calvert Watkins at http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html
To illustrate how close Latvian is lexically to proto-Indo-European, I just went through Watkins 7-page article and listed those hypothetical Indo-European roots (marked with an asterisk *) which are identical or nearly identical with Latvian. Most linguists do NOT know this kind of basic information about Latvian at all - they are incredibly ignorant and closed-minded in their own field, wallowing mostly in Greek and Latin and not paying attention to the evidence.
mainstream hypothetical
Indo-European Roots compared with still existing Latvian language
*do "give" = Latvian do (pronounced duo)
*ed "eat" = Latvian ed (Hittite ed-)
*ped "foot" = Latvian ped-
*es and *bheua- "expressing existence" = Latvian es ("I") esu ("am"),
bij-, bija "was"
*sen "old" = Latvian sen
*yeu- "youth" = Latvian jau-ns ("young")
*tu "you" = Latvian tu
*nes- "we" = Latvian mes
*yu- "you" = Latvian ju(s)
*persistent pronomial stems *to- and *ko = Latvian to and ko
*me- "measure" = Latvian me(r)
*sawel "Sun" = Latvian saule
*ster- "star" = Latvian stari "rays of light"
*aus- "East, to shine" = Latvian aus-trumi "East" aus-t "rise"
*nekt- "night" = Latvian nakt-
*sneigh "snow" = Latvian snieg
*deiw "divine bright sky, deus, God, Zeus" - Latvian diev-
*s(t)ena "thunder" = Latvian sitiena "strike, of a peal of thunder
*and lightning"
*dhghem- "earth" = Latvian zem- (dhgh = zh)
*ere "row" = Latvian aire
*ghwer "wild animal" = Latvain zver-
*vlko- "wolf" = Latvian vilku "of the wolf"
*wlp "fox" = Latvian lap-sa
*dhghu "fish" = Latvian zivu- "of the fish" (dhgh = zh)
*bhei "bee" = Latvian bi-te (also in ancient Egyptian bi-te)
*medhu "mead" = Latvian med- "honey"
*wi-ro "man" = Latvian vir-
*man "person" = Latvian man "mine, for me, for the self"
*mer- "to die" = Latvian mir-
*kerd- "heart" = Latvian sird-
*yek-r "liver" = Latvian ak-na
*s(w)e "self" = Lativan sev, sava
*mela "grinding" = Latvian mala
*egna "fire" = Latvian ugun, ugunis Latin ignis
*dhwer- "door" = Latvian dur- (Latvian caur, pronounced tsaur
= "through")
*nobh - "nobh" = Latvian naba
*kel-o "revolve, wheel" = Latvian cel-o "travel, road"
*wegh "vehicle transport" = Latvian vaga "rut"
*men- "mind" = Latvian min "mention", at-min "remember",
at-mina "memory"
reg- "tribal king" = Latvian rik-uo "lead, organize"
*legh- "law" = Latvian liek- "to set down", lik-ums "law,
lieg-t "forbid, prohibit", lik-t "bid, command"
Latin lex (Latvian legts "decided")
numbers (but these are pretty uniform in all Indo-European tongues)
*dwo = Latvian divi
*trei = Latvian tri(s)
*ketwer = Latvian chetri
*penke = Latvian pieci
*seks = Latvian sesh-
*septm = Latvian septin-
*okto(u) = Latvian asto-
*newn = Latvian dev-n-
*dekm = Latvian desm-
More on Indo-European roots will be forthcoming. Many hypothetical Indo-European roots are faulty, and we will be correcting them. Also some of the roots given above are not accurate and we will show where the errors have been made.
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